Master Dissertations

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Effects of sand mining on land degradation and plant species diversity: a case study of north b district of Unguja region, Zanzibar
(The University of Dodoma, 2011) Ali, Wahida M.
A study was carried out to assess effects of sand mining on land degradation and plant species diversity in North „B‟ district, Zanzibar based on specific objectives to: (1) investigate community perception on sand mining, (2) asses impact of sand mining on socio-economic activities among small holder farmers,(3) determine effect sand mining on land degradation. The study also aimed (4) to determine effect of sand mining on plant species biodiversity, (5) to identify important strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and challenges (SWOT) on sustainable mining and (6) to investigate efforts undertaken among local communities to overcome ecological threats due to sand mining. Structured and semi-structured questionnaires were enumerated among 120 respondents from three villages, with intense sand mining namely, Donge, Kazole and Pangatupu compared to Mahonda village which was used as a positive control. Socio-economic survey was coupled with interviews and panel discussions. Effect of sand mining on plant species diversity was assessed using 18 square sample plots of 20 m x 20 m. Data on the effect of sand mining on land degradation were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Services (SPSS). Sand mining was attributed land degradation (85.6%), low agricultural productivities (64.4%), shortage of agricultural land (55.8%) and soil erosion (38.8%). Data on plant species were analysed using Statistical Analytical System (SAS) and result were: Index of dominance (C) of shrubs species ranged from 0.14- 0.19 and tree species range from 0.11- 0.15.Shannon-Weiner index diversity (H‟) of shrubs species ranged from 1.18- 1.98 and tree species ranged from 2.08- 2.3. Sand mining with associated with decreased plant species diversity as indicated by 0.12 shrub species, 0.10 tree species index of dominance and Shannon - Weiner index of diversity 2.18 shrub species, 2.69 tree species for Mahonda non – mined site. The study concludes that, to identify strengths that people have knowledge on conservation especial on land degradation and plant species. It is recommended that, the government in collaboration with other stake holders should make special effort to mobilize the community to participate in controlling campaign against adverse effects of sad mining
Carbon trading mechanism in semi –arid areas of North –Western Tanzania: a case study of Kahama district
(The University of Dodoma, 2012) Ngoma, Charles E
A study was undertaken aiming four villages of Kilago, Igung'hwa, Ngulu and Mhongolo of Kahama District, Shinyanga Region. The study objective was to determine carbon trading mechanism in semi-arid areas of north-western Tanzania using Kahama District as a case study. Specific objectives included1) assessing community involvement in carbon trading mechanisms under REDD+ initiatives; 2) assessing the cost-benefit mechanisms towards adoption of REDD+; and 3) analyzing important strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) towards implementation of REDD+ in community based forests. Majority of respondents (84.0%) were aware of the REDD+ initiatives in forest conservation through in-situ conservation and agroforestry. About 60.0%of the overall sample respondents were not aware on carbon markets and marketing channels, because carbon trading is a new concept across the study villages. Also there was no respondent who had received any payment for selling carbon credits. The costs related to forest conservation under REDD+ initiatives were associated with buying, planting tree seedlings and security of the ngitili. REDD+ initiatives provide villagers with multiple benefits such as wood supply for domestic consumption and acting as a source of household income. The strengths of adoption of REDD+ initiatives in forest conservation across the study villages include existence of good village governance; forest protection by-laws, policies and regulation. The weaknesses of REDD+ initiatives in forest conservation across the study villages include drought resulting from unpredictable rainfall; low forest conservation education within the community; inadequate community awareness of the functioning of REDD+ initiatives and climate change. The opportunities of adoption of REDD+ initiatives in forest conservation across the study include existing current political will by the government on implementation of REDD+ and the associated climate change mitigation measures; and high willingness among donors (CARE)to fund carbon trade across the study villages; REDD+ project initiatives; energy saving technology via TATEDO; beekeeping practice; existing extension services. Threats of adoption of REDD+ initiatives in forest conservation across the study include wild animals like lion, hyena; land use conflicts; field/bush fires; pests and diseases; change in donor policies (reliance on donor fund) and reliance on external markets for carbon. It is recommended that efficient alternative energy sources and efficient utilization of biomass such as improved stoves, improved charcoal kilns, and the use of solar power and biogas should be promoted to reduce pressure on forests.
A review of some exact solution of Navier stokes equation and numerical solution of simple linear elasticity problems
(The University of Dodoma, 2012) Lucas, Wangwe
In this thesis we shall be dealing with some basic known approximated solution of model problems involving Navier-stoke equations for incompressible fluid as well as linear elasticity theory.these include well known poiseuilleflow,couetteflow,flow between concentric cylinders,boundary layer flow over impulsively stated plate,simply supported beam with uniform distributed load,cantilevered beam with uniformly distributed load,linear membrane problems, where also an integro-differential equation for the MAC solution will be introduced. To obtain the MAC solution for the 2D Laplace equation the conformal mapping will be used [9]. The invariant integral was used in [8] to introduce the MAC solution for the Dirichlet problem. The method of cones is used in this paper to obtain the MAC model for the linear elasticity equations. The integro-differential equations for the MAC model of elasticity are introduced using the principle of superposition. A rectangular membrane with fixed boundary conditions under applied a transversal force has the solution with singularity. That is the Green’s function of this problem. A number of journals and problems concerning the membrane theories are presented in references [1] - [12]. We can conclude that the membrane problem is important and it is under consideration of many research groups.The MAC model of the membrane will be obtained, which solution is called the MAC solution. If the classical equation of the membrane under small deformation is a wave equation then the MAC equation is an integro-differential equation. The conformal mapping is used to create the MAC Green’s function and the method of superposition is applied to create the MAC model.
Brouwer’s type fixed point theorems and its applications
(The University of Dodoma, 2012) Mathias, Alberto K
Functional analysis is considered as very important aspects in mathematics, applied sciences and also is very powerful way of examining the behaviour of various mathematical models and it clarifies, regresses and unifies the underlying concepts in mathematics, engineering, economics other applied fields. Hilbert space is a Banach space because Hilbert space is complete with respect to the norm associated with its inner product where a norm and an inner product are said to be associate if ‖X‖2 = 〈X,X〉 for all X. Moreover the converse is not always true, not every Banach space is a Hilbert space. A necessary and sufficient condition for a Banach space X to be associated to an inner product (which will then necessarily make X into a Hilbert space) is the parallelogram Identity. This implies that Hilbert space is inner product spaces, Banach space are normed spaces and complete metric spaces are metric space. The Brouwer’s fixed point theorem is one of the most well-known and useful theorem in topology. Since the theorem and its many extensions are powerful tools in showing the existence of solutions of many problems in pure and applied mathematics, many scholars have been studying its further extensions and applications. Brouwer’s fixed point theorem has always been a major theoretical tool which can be applied in differential equations, topology, economics, games theory, dynamics and functional analysis. Moreover, more or recently, the usefulness of the concept for the applications increased enormously by the development of accurate and efficient techniques for computing fixed points.
Assessment of the sustainability of Kiwengwa-Pongwe forest reserve, Zanzibar
(The University of Dodoma, 2012) Hamad, Abdallah M
The study to assess the sustainability of Kiwengwa-Pongwe Forest Reserve, Zanzibar was conducted in May 2012. Four villages were involved namely Pongwe, Ndudu, Kumbaurembo and Gulioni. The data were collected by using questionnaires, interview, focused group discussions, physical site visits and literature reviews. One hundred and twenty households, four village leaders and ten forest officers participated in this study. The data were analysed using statistical package for Social Science (SPSS) version 16.0 and qualitative data analysis techniques. Also, Microsoft excel was used in drawing for illustrations. The field results indicate that there were several social economic factors affecting the sustainability of Kiwengwa-Pongwe Forest Reserve. The most observed factors threatening the sustainability of the reserve include conflicts of interest, deforestation, wild fires, encroachment and poaching. Results further indicate that participation of local communities in management of the reserve is low. The study concludes that, Kiwengwa Pongwe forest reserve is threatened by several serious issues that hinder its sustainability. In order to achieve the sustainability of KPFR, the study recommends a careful look for best alternative income generating activities, effective encouragement of community involvement, increase public awareness on importance of forest management and establishment of alternative sources of energy, such as solar and wind energies for communities.
Assessment of environmental management systems for enhanced industrial waste management in Mwanza city
(The University of Dodoma, 2012) Madoshi, Safari
The ever increasing industrial wastes in many developing countries pose threat on environmental sustainability due to the associated healthy risks. A socio-economic survey was carried out among nine wards of Nyamagana and Ilemela municipalities of Mwanza city to assess environmental management systems based on specific objectives: (1) to identify types of industrial wastes being generated in Mwanza city, (2) to evaluate current environmental management systems (EMS), and (3) to identify environmental impacts related to the generated industrial wastes. A total of 203 respondents including 115 local communities neighboring industrial areas; 20 industrial managers; 60 industrial workers; and 8 respondents from governmental and Non Governmental officials were both randomly and purposively selected for the study. Both qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection, namely, interviews; both structured and non-structured questionnaires; focused group discussion (FGD) sessions; and observations were employed. Data were coded, entered and analyzed into simple descriptive statistics using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16.0. Also, tables, percent, figures and narrative notes were used to support the analysis. Results revealed that the main types of industrial wastes being generated in Mwanza city include solid wastes (48.6%) such as, fish skeleton remains, seed cakes, cereal cakes, metal remains and wood papers. About 35.8% of respondents mentioned liquid waste such as oil leakages, grease, petroleum and petroleum by-products compared to 15.6% of respondents whom mentioned smoke wastes from industries. Majority of respondents (70%) reported the general lack of proper environmental management system (EMS) as associated to the lack of clear policy of government, corporate organizations, industries, planning, monitoring, auditing and management review on waste management as an obstacle in sustainable waste management in Mwanza city. Impacts of industrial wastes reported in the study area include land pollution (20.6%), water pollution (19.5%); health impact among industrial workers, waste collectors, and local community proximal to the industrial areas. From the current study it could be concluded that, participated industries in the current study had not implemented environmental management systems (EMS) due to lack of proper waste management which result to negative impact. It is recommended that, the Government and other stakeholders such the National Environmental Management Council should insist each corporate, companies and industries in particular, to abide to environmental management system for enhanced industrial wastes management and the general wastes through improved waste collection, treatment, separation, transportation, recycling, and appropriate waste disposal so as to overcome impacts associated with improper waste management.
Statistical analysis of letter frequency in Swahili language
(The University of Dodoma, 2012) Kahamba, Esther A
The sudy of a language is very important for the cryptanalysis of substitution and/ or permutation ciphers. In that type of ciphers one letter is substituted by another one, or its order is changed with the order of another letter also from the text. In either case the ―personality‖of the alphabets remains intact, hidden inside a different vest, but intact anyway. If it is true that the morden block ciphers hide those characteristics, given the fact that they operate at bit level, we think that it is still important to have at hand such a tool for our own laguage, we can think more as an education tool, in order to present and/ or study the classical ciphers. We also have one more tool in our cryptanalyst toolbox. In this dissertation we present the statistical analysis of letters frequencies in Swahili language; we have discussed the mostly frequent letter in the Arabic language as well as in the English language. We also discussed the Swahili alphabets and analyse some Swahili articles and present the frequencies of the letters as used in the Swahili language. Lastly, we present the use of t-test and provide the level of confident interval for each letter.
Institutional dimensions in management of small- scale mining in Tanzania: a case of Winza ruby mining at Mpwapwa district
(The University of Dodoma, 2012) Kimambo, Sakunda N
This study focused on investigating institutional dimensions in management of small-scale mining: A case of Winza Ruby Mining at Mpwapwa district by looking on the managerial aspects and awareness of small-scale miners on mining policies and laws, examine the factors influencing informal and illegal SSM, investigate the environmental impacts of SSM and law enforcement mechanism towards execution of monitoring and evaluation of environmental plan, and examine the challenges and prospects in the management of SSM. Using data collected from ground survey and questionnaires through SPSS and Microsoft excel it was established that; managerial aspects are in place but what came out was inadequate implementation. The awareness of SSMi on mining laws and policies was found to be law and therefore, awareness creation is of paramount to local miners. Even though the data revealed the decreased number of miners in Winza ruby mining, there still potentials for the livelihoods of small-scale miners not explored at the moment. Deforestation, pollution (land, air, water and sound) are the challenges pointed out by the respondents. From the findings it may be concluded that the Government policies on mining are often confused and inconsistent, and frequently favor or focus on large-scale mining. Government neglect of the SSM sector can be costly to governments in administrative, financial, political, and environmental terms. Thus the study recommends the government on; creation of small-scale mining policy, provision of knowledge mining based, and financial support, reopening of STAMICO, decentralization of mining licenses acquisition and the increased budget of the ministry of energy and minerals.
Potential of REDD+ Initiatives in promotion of local communities’ livelihood: a case of Kilosa district
(The University of Dodoma, 2012) Mswima, Fredy S
REDD+ is a climate change mitigation measures aimed at enhancing forests for carbon storage and generation of reward to local community. “Making REDD+ Work for Communities and Forest Conservation in Tanzania” is a pilot project implemented in Kilosa site by Tanzania Forest Conservation Group and Tanzania Community Forest Conservation Network. Although REDD+ has promoted Participatory Forest Management in its approach, still potential on local communities‟ livelihood is questionable. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the potential of REDD+ initiatives in promotion of local communities‟ livelihood. Specifically the study aimed at investigating the strategies used in implementation of REDD+ project; participation of local communities on REDD+ project; local communities‟ forest resource governance and REDD+ benefits to local communities. Data was collected from 103 household respondents i.e. 5% of the total households in the study area; six FGDs from each village using a focus group discussion guide and ten key informants were consulted. Moreover, participatory resource assessment and participant observation were used in data gathering. Quantitative data was analyzed by using SPSS computer software and “content analysis technique” for analyzing qualitative data. Several TFCG/MJUMITA facilitated REDD+ strategies were noted in the study area i.e. Establishment and enforcement of forest conservation by-laws and agricultural improvement initiatives and establishment village of land use plans and support for new income generating activities. Local communities were decision making machinery in REDD+ pilot project. REDD+ initiatives are still in their early stages and have not been able to achieve improvement of local communities‟ livelihood. However, participatory approaches adopted by TFCG/MJUMITA in REDD+ initiatives are potential to local communities to responsibly utilize their resources. Likewise upon successful adoption by villagers the diversified socio-economic activities such improved agriculture and sustainable harvesting of forest resources are likely to promote income and indirectly improve human useful environmental services such as reduced soil erosion, water flow from the forest, biodiversity richness, microclimate modification, improved wildlife habitat, fresh air from forest, important sink for carbon dioxide and forest scenery. REDD+ initiatives require concerted efforts from wide range of stakeholders and legal framework in improving the local communities‟ livelihood.
Effects of land use on hymenoptera diversity: a case study in Southern Unguja
(The University of Dodoma, 2013) Nassor, Mansour S.
Natural forest lost at high rate year after year. Most of the area are cleared and transformed to agricultural land, which influences changes in hymenopterans diversity. Therefore, understanding the hymenopterans diversity in various land use forms of agriculture are of vital importance to guide in conservation approaches. This study analyzed the effects of land use in hymenopterans diversity in Unguja Island – Zanzibar. Hymenopterans were sampled in five land-use forms between January to March 2013. In each study a site, four linear transects of 50m long were established. In each transect in three land use hymenopterans species were captured by three pan traps of different colour (blue, yellow and white) and nets. A total of 734 hymenopterans consisting of 60 species were sampled within five land-use forms. Home garden showed higher species richness compared to mixed farming, JCBNP, monoculture and mangrove. Using Kruskal Wallis test species richness and species diversity differ significantly among different land-use forms (p < 0.1). There was no different in efficiency between nets and pan traps in assessing hymenopterans diversity (p > 0.1). Also there was no significance difference in hymenopterans species richness and diversity captured by blue, yellow and white pan traps. The study concluded that home garden and mixed farming attract mostly hymenopterans species that are very common in natural forest. This study recommended that conservations of hymenopterans species can be enhanced by establishment of home garden and mixed crops farming.
The efficiency of different energy sources used by households in urban Zanzibar: best choices for environmental conservation
(The University of Dodoma, 2013) Moh'd, Shuwena O.
The efficiency of energy sources used by households was experimentally determined in this study. To achieve the study objectives, comparison was done between different energy sources such as LPG, electricity, charcoal and firewood. The comparison was determined by observing efficiency of energy sources and the subsequent cost. The tools like experimentation, questionnaire, interviews, and documentary data were used. Four types of energy sources were employed to cook 250g of beans. These energy sources include LPG, electricity, charcoal and firewood. The reported Mean (and Standard Error) of time used in minutes were 121.2 ± 0.12, 135 ± 0.12, 137.4 ± 10.2, 182.4 ± 0.42 for LPG, electricity, charcoal and firewood, respectively. Statistically the results revealed that there was a significant difference in time used to cook 250g of beans among the energy sources (F = 232.26, df = 3, P < 0.001). Furthermore, the results showed that there was a difference in cost associated with cooking of 250g of beans whereby the cost is Tanzania shillings, 1711/= (55%) for LPG, 643.47/= (21%) for electricity, 387.10/= (13%) for charcoal and 347/= (11%) for firewood. In this case the study showed that firewood had less cost compared to LPG, electricity and charcoal. Most of the households in urban Zanzibar rely on biomass fuel (firewood and charcoal) for cooking and heating due to their affordable cost and availability. The subsidy in LPG and electricity as sources of energy that is friendly with the environmental conservation need to be considered. This will reduce the heavy use of charcoal and firewood which affect forests negatively.
Status of human wildlife conflicts in villages adjacent to Mpanga/Kipengere game reserve
(The University of Dodoma, 2013) Mashalla, Allan W.
Human wildlife conflicts is one of the major threats to wildlife conservation in Tanzania’s wildlife protected areas. The study on status of Human Wildlife Conflicts (HWC) was conducted in three villages adjacent to Mpanga/Kipengere Game Reserve. The objectives of the study were to examine human wildlife conflicts, to assess impacts of human wildlife conflicts on local people’s livelihoods and to identify mechanisms used by local people to mitigate these conflicts. Questionnaires and key informants interviews were used to collect data. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics in form of crosstabs, percentages and frequencies of counts. Conflicts varied across villages and were mainly boundary conflicts between villages and Mpanga/Kipengere Game Reserve, crop raiding by wild animals and restriction to use game reserves natural resources due to by land scarcity for socio-economic activities. An analysis of gender conflicts associations varied. Major mitigation measures used currently are day and night crop guarding, digging trenches and informing game reserve Officials. Several mitigation measures are suggested by both local communities, key informants and other experts. These include implementation of compensation schemes for destruction made by wildlife, sharing benefits from wildlife-related activities and boundary demarcation. The study concludes with a series of recommendations and proposing areas for further research.
Impacts of fishers’ communities on the conservation of mangrove forestry resources: a case study of western Indian coast of Kunduchi and Bagamoyo
(The University of Dodoma, 2013) Mahundi, Mkomanile Vestina
Sustainability of many natural resources including mangroves is threatened by the ongoing high extent of over utilization. A study was carried out in 2012 among four villages; Mtongani, Mbuyuni, Kaole and Magomeni to assess impacts of fishers‟ community on the conservation of mangrove forestry resources. Specifically it aimed: (1) to identify institutions and institutional arrangements managing mangroves, (2) to assess extent of mangroves degradation, (3) to analyze important strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats on sustainability of mangroves; and (4) to assess the applied mitigation measures for management of mangroves. Socio-economic survey, participatory resource assessment, focus group discussion, key informant interviews were employed among 180 respondents. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 15.0, SAS version 4.0 and Excel 2007. Important institutions on management of the mangroves were Central Government and Local Government authorities of Kinondoni and Bagamoyo district councils. The mangrove ecosystem was characterised by high extent of degradation ranging from 0.20 to 0.31 of ha in Kunduchi and Bagamoyo, respectively. Potential strength on mangroves management was existence of strong policies; weakness was inadequate community participation; opportunity was presence of NGOs dealing with conservation (WWF, WCST); and threat was lack of alternative energy sources that resulted in heavy utilization of mangroves for fuel wood. It could be concluded that more involvement among fishers' community on mangroves management is imperative. The study recommends capacity building programmes for all important stakeholders on enhanced management of mangroves.
Quantification of solid pollutants along the highway through Mikumi national park
(The University of Dodoma, 2013) Nyahinga, Tryphone
This study was carried out in Mikumi National Park (MINAPA) to quantify the amount of solid pollutants along the highway through MINAPA. The study adopted longitudinal research design where ten sampling points labeled A to J were established from the western part (Mikumi town) of the highway to the eastern part (Doma village). Waste products were collected, sorted and measured in a daily basis at these sampling points for three weeks. The findings of this study reveals that plastic materials are decreasing as you enter the park from either direction of the highway, tyres and tubes as well as metal wastes are found to be roughly equally distributed throughout the park regardless of the direction of the entrance although the large amount being obtained around the road humps. In addition, the first weeks of data collection, the amount of plastic materials were relatively higher dropping each week to the very low in the third week. The total amount of waste products deposited deliberately or accidentally in the park may have negative impacts to the park ecosystem health which, in some cases may endanger the health of wildlife inhabiting in this valuable ecosystem. Therefore, Tanzania government under the Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism (MNRT) should adopt effective mitigation measures upon this emerging challenge, and TANAPA should be strictly responsible to ensure these mitigation measures are fully implemented. In addition to that, conservation education should be included in Tanzania education curriculum so that, children may grow with the conservation mentality.
Assessment of land use changes adjacent to lake Babati using GIS and remote sensing
(The University of Dodoma, 2013) Katonge, Jackson H.
The study assessed the Land use changes adjacent to Lake Babati using Geographic information system and remote sensing. Specifically, the study assessed the negative impacts associated with anthropogenic activities to the lake, land use changes adjacent to the lake between years 2000 and 2011 and examined the strengths and weaknesses of the ongoing management of the Lake. Villages studied were Babati Majengo, Singe and Bagara Ziwani. Data were collected using Geographic information system and remote sensing techniques, questionnaire survey, Key informant information and physical field visit. Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20 was used to analyze data. Results indicate that, negative impacts to the Lake due to anthropogenic activities prevailing in the study area were mainly encroachment, over-fishing, soil erosion and siltation. Land use changes have occurred in all study villages for all zones such as cultivation, grazing and residence. On average, cultivation and residence zones increased by 3.1% and 4.9% respectively in the study area between 2000 and 2011 while grazing zone decreased by 5.3% in the study area during those years. The major strengths of lake Babati management include forest conservation along the riparian zone, law enforcement and provision of environmental education. The main weaknesses undermining the ongoing conservation strategies of lake Babati were poor community participation and lack of proper land use plan that should allocate appropriate area for each land use category. The study concludes that, the noted land use changes between 2000 and 2011are mainly due to unsustainable human practices and has induced much pressure on the lake and its resources. Therefore, appropriate measures including involvement of relevant stakeholders’ particularly local communities in lake management should betaken.
Assessment of species richness and relative abundance of small carnivores in natural forest and shrub thickets at the University of Dodoma
(The University of Dodoma, 2013) Mwiyoha, Baraka D.
Urbanization developments results in the loss and fragmentation of habitat, which can significantly alter animal communities. Wildlife species occupying higher trophic levels, such as mammalian carnivores may be especially affected by habitat alteration and concomitant losses of cover and prey. Tanzania has high carnivore diversity, 35 species or more, but relatively little is known about carnivore communities outside protected areas or the effects of urbanization on carnivore communities. I used remote cameras equipped with active infrared sensors to document carnivore species presence in the University of Dodoma area and to identify natural or anthropogenic factors associated with high carnivore species richness. I sampled 50 different sites during 2012–2013 and each camera was set for 5 consecutive sampling nights. I used Poisson regression to develop predictive models using carnivore species richness as the dependent variable. Among the shrub cover, distances to forest edges, buildings, roads and rock outcrops. I analyzed 9a priori models based on combinations of 6 different habitat variables and used Akaike’s information criterion (AICc) to examine the evidence for competing models. I detected 10 species of Carnivora, about 29% of the current Tanzania`s Carnivore species. Carnivore species richness per camera site varied from 0 to 4 species. Only one species of large carnivore, the striped hyena, was documented. Species activity patterns varied significantly; genets species were entirely documented at nights. The same was for bushy-tailed mongoose and white-tailed mongoose, on the other hand, slender mongoose and dwarf mongoose dominated the day time. Thus competition among carnivore species community in these UDOM habitats can be high as a result variation in active time.
Effect of anthropogenic activities on degradation of lake shores: a case of lake Babati
(The University of Dodoma, 2013) Gwandu, Leonce G.
Sustainability of many lake ecosystems in the world including Lake Babati is threatened by the ongoing degradation due to anthropogenic activities. A study was carried out to assess the effect of anthropogenic activities on degradation of Lake Babati shores based on specific objectives: (1) to identify institutions and institutional arrangements responsible on the management of lake ecosystem, (2) to identify drivers leading to the lake shores degradation, (3) to assess extent of lake shores degradation, and (4) to assess mitigation measures being implemented for sustainable management of Lake Babati shores. Structured questionnaires were enumerated among 90 respondents selected randomly from five villages surrounding Lake Babati. The questionnaire survey was coupled with two focus group discussion (FGD) sessions each comprising 9 participants. Lake shore degradation was assessed from satellite imageries generated from GPS coordinates and quantitative data on lake shores degradation were processed into Arc GIS 3.2a. Qualitative data on questionnaire survey were analyzed into simple descriptive statistics using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16.0. Identified main drivers associated with degradation of the Lake Babati shores include non-environmental friendly agricultural practices such as vegetable growing and uphill cultivation (56.6%), deforestation (10%), expansion of the lake shores due to establishment of human settlements (8.9%). Other drivers associated to degradation of Lake Babati shores include illegal fishing (7.8%), oil and petroleum spillage from car washing (6.7%) uncontrolled bush fires (5.6%), livestock grazing and cutting of grass fodder (4.4%). Extent of Lake Babati shores degradation was estimated at 1,410 ha equivalent to 8% of the area degraded. Sustainability of the Lake Babati ecosystem is threatened by the ongoing siltation mainly due to poor land use management practices.
Contribution of wildilife management area on wildlife conservation and livelihood: a case of Wami-Mbiki wildlife management area
(The University of Dodoma, 2013) Gayo, Leopody
This study assessed the contribution of Wami-Mbiki Wildlife Management Area (WMA) on the conservation of wildlife resources and livelihood in Maseyu, Mkono wa Mara and Gwata villages adjacent to the Wami-Mbiki WMA. Documentary review, questionnaires, interviews, focused group discussion and physical visits were used in collecting data. SPSS version 15 and Excel 2007 were used to analyse data. A total of 130 respondents were involved in this study. Findings from this study show that the WMA contributed TZS 20 million between 2008 and 2011 to each member village. Such revenue was used in social services development such as building and/or renovating classrooms, village government offices, dispensaries, water pumps and road construction. Thirty people were employed by the WMA and 90% of the employees come from the WMA member villages. The conservation cost incurred by local communities around WMA was mainly in terms of crop damage. As for conservation, since establishment of Wami-Mbiki WMA in 1997 there has been great improvement of wildlife habitats that resulted to an increase in fauna and flora diversity. WMA strengths were mainly income sharing and village representation while weaknesses included high dependency on donor support and poor WMA leadership. On opportunity, the WMA is rich in wild animal species and population while unauthorized livestock grazing was the prominent WMA challenge. The study concludes that WMA could be a solution of wildlife resources conservation and livelihood improvement if local people will be creative in developing conservation business enterprises and market them aggressively to create alternative livelihood opportunities such as small-scale income generating activities to reduce dependence on natural resources.
Quantification of charcoal supply in Dodoma urban: implication for plant conservation in semi arid region
(The University of Dodoma, 2013) Jumbe, Mayasa M.
This research was carried out to quantify supply of charcoal in Dodoma Urban. Specifically, the study intended to (1) quantify the amount of charcoal that pedestrians bring in Dodoma Urban daily, (2) identify species of plants mostly used to make charcoal, (3) determine the source areas where the charcoal production is carried out, (4) analyze the charcoal prices from the source area and at the market place. Point count technique was used to enumerate amount of charcoal brought to Dodoma urban from different sources. Four points were located based on the pre-survey finding; these points include Dodoma-Dar es Salaam road, Bahi road, UDOM road and Msalato road. The enumeration of charcoal was done from 6:30am to 11:00am every day for one month. Also interviews and questionnaire technique was used to gather information about charcoal production and species of plants commonly used in charcoal production. In addition, the questionnaire technique was used to interview the charcoal sellers and final consumers. Data collected was analyzed using SPSS version 16.0. Amount of charcoal counted in each of the four entry points did not differ significantly (Kruskal-Wallis ² = 3.511, df = 3, p = 0.319). The overall mean (Mean ± Standard Deviation) of charcoal entering Dodoma urban is 17.5 ± 14.9 bags per entry point where the mean total per day was 68.7 ± 60.2 bags. Results showed that 25 plants species were commonly used in charcoal making, among which, eight were most preferred. Fourteen villages were identified as the main source areas for charcoal production. The charcoal price at the source was a half of the market price (i.e. Tsh 9000 at the source vs. Tsh 18000 at the market in the town). Charcoal production might have negative impact on the conservation of shrubs and trees in Dodoma Region .
Impact of human activities on performance of Kibele forest reserve, Zanzibar
(The University of Dodoma, 2013) Bakari, Hassan I.
Sustainability of forests globally is threatened by human activities through deforestation for fuel wood, human settlements, cultivation, mining and forest fires. A study was conducted at Kibele forest of Zanzibar to assess extent of encroachment and forest disturbance, and their effect in forest performance based on specific objectives: (1) to assess types of anthropogenic activities and extent of forest encroachment, (2) to determine effect of forest disturbances on stem density, basal area, standing volume and wood biomass. The study also aimed (3) to determine tree species diversity between disturbed and undisturbed natural forest patches, and (4) to determine the effect of encroachment and associated disturbance on extracted wood biomass. Circular plots design was used, and a total of 104 plots of 8 m radius with inter-plot distance of 280 m were laid systematically along 16 temporal transects at 280 m apart. Trees within the plots were identified and recorded. Data were analyzed into simple descriptive statistics using SAS Program, version 9.1 for windows. Results showed that, high extent of encroachment due to farmlands was estimated 82.9 ha (9.9 %) compared to human settlements that was 0.74 ha (0.01 %). Stocking parameters were highly variable (p<0.05). Higher values of stem density, basal area, standing volume and tree biomass were found at undisturbed forest patches corresponding to 894-1068 stems/ha, 1.9-2.8 m23/ha, 10.2-17.7 m/ha and 5.9-10.3 tons/ha respectively. High value of 0.3-0.4 of tree dominance and low value of 1.1-1.3 of tree diversity was recorded at burnt areas. Tree biomass loss was 14.7 tons in year 2012, permanent farms depleted 99.1 % of the total tree biomass. The findings in the study could be concluded that, variation of values of stocking parameters and indices at forest conditions is the results of human activities.

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