Journal Articles

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G-protein activation enhances Ca+2-dependent lipid secretion of the rat Harderian gland
(Springer-Verlag, 1995) Gesase, Ainory P.; Satoh, Y.; Ono, K.
We studied the secretory mechanism of the Harderian gland of rats. After perfusion with HEPES-buffered Ringer's solution containing NaF (10 mM) with AlCl3 (10 μM), a G-protein activator, the glandular cells of the Harderian gland showed massive exocytosis and apocrine-like protrusions on the luminal surface. Some of the secretory vacuoles aggregated within the cytoplasm, and large vacuoles were formed. Contraction of the myoepithelial cells covering the glandular endpieces caused a narrowing of the glandular lumina, which contained cytoplasmic fragments, and deformation of the basal contour of the glandular end-pieces. The basal regions of the glandular cells also bulged between the myoepithelial cells. Secretory vacuoles were also discharged to the lateral cell surface, and the intercellular spaces were dilated. The enhanced secretory activities of the glandular cells and the contraction of the myoepithelial cells were similar to those in rats stimulated with 10 μM carbachol (CCh). However, dilatation of the endoplasmic reticulum in glandular cells (type A cells), which leads to the formation of small vesicles, was observed in those glands stimulated by NaF+AlCl3, but not in those stimulated by CCh. Removal of Ca+2 from the perfusing HR or addition of EDTA (0.5 mM) diminished and inhibited NaF+AlCl3- or CCh-enhanced secretory activity of the glandular cells and also allayed the deformation of glandular cells caused by myoepithelial cell contraction. The present results demonstrate the involvement of G-proteins and Ca2+-influx in the lipid secretion of glandular cells and in the contraction of myoepithelial cells of the Harderian gland in rats.
Lipid secretory mechanisms in the mammalian harderian gland
(WILEY-LISS, 1996) Satoh, Yohichi; Gesase, Ainory Peter; Habara, Yoshiaki; Ono, Kazuyuki; Kanno, Tomio
The mammalian Harderian glands are lipid-secreting glands. In an unstimulated condition, the glandular cells frequently exocytose the lipid materials; however, no intracellular calcium ion ([Ca2+l,) changes are detectable. Cholinergic (muscarinic) secretagogues induce secre tory activity and increase of [Ca2+lc. A Gprotein activator, sodium fluoride, enhances the secretory activity and increase of [Ca2+Ic. Removal of extracellular calcium ions inhibits the secretion en hanced by cholinergic stimulation. Under pharmacologic stimulation, glandular cells may show an apocrine-like secretory pattern. Cholinergic stimulation also induces contraction of the myoepithe lial cells covering glandular end pieces; however, the reduction in volume of glandular end pieces is not prominent. Catecholamines have no effect on the release of lipid materials. These results indicate the involvement of G-proteins linking with muscarinic receptors and Ca2+ dynamics (increase of [Ca2+l, and Ca2+ influx) in lipid secretion by glandular cells and in contraction of myoepithelial cells of mammalian Harderian glands. However, the increase of [Ca2 + I, in Harderian glands was less when compared with other cells-for instance, those which secrete protein. 0 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Sexual differences and effects of castration on secretory mode and intracellular calcium ion dynamics of golden hamster Harderian gland
(Springer, 2001) Gesase, A. P; Satoh, Y.
The aim of the present work was to study the sexual differences in secretory mechanisms and intracellular calcium ion dynamics in the Harderian gland of the golden hamster. In both sexes the Harderian gland consisted of small and large lobes. In the intact control male glands the secretory portions of both lobes showed wide lumina that contained secretory material and cytoplasmic fragments, suggestive of the occurrence of exocytosis and apocrine secretion. After perfusion with HEPES-buffered Ringer's solution containing 10 µM carbamylcholine (CCh), the glandular cells showed features of enhanced secretion and a rise in intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i). In the intact control female gland the lumina of most secretory portions in the large lobe contained porphyrin accretions, and exocytosis was the sole secretory mechanism. Stimulation of the large lobe with 10 µM CCh did not raise [Ca2+]i or cause enhanced secretion. The small lobe in females resembled the male gland in secretory functions, and CCh administration caused enhanced secretion and a rise in [Ca2+]i. Castration in males abolished apocrine secretion; exocytosis became the sole secretory mechanism, and stimulation of the glandular cells with CCh did not cause enhanced secretion or induce a rise in [Ca2+]i. To the contrary, in females, castration restored apocrine secretion and CCh administration caused enhanced secretion and a rise in [Ca2+]i. Castration did not affect the secretory mechanisms and the effect of CCh on the glandular cells in the small lobes of both male and female glands. The present study points to the possibility that sex hormones may control the functioning or expression of muscarinic receptors in the Harderian gland of the golden hamster.
Morphological features of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive cells in the mouse islets of langerhans
(AJOL, 2009) Gesase, Ainory P.; Satoh, Y-I
The current immunohistochemical study used the antibody against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) to observe the immunoreactive elements in the mouse pancreas. The results indicated the presence of immunoreactive nerve fibers and endocrine cells. The immunopositive nerve fibers appeared as thick and thin bundles; thick bundles were seen to run along the blood vessels giving out fine fibers to the wall. Varicose nerve fibers were seen in the islets of Langerhans and also in close association with the exocrine endpieces. The TH immunoreactive cells were oval-round in shape and some showed the central non-staining area and the dense staining peripheral zone. More than 80% of the islets of Langerhans contained the immunoreactive cells. Individual islet showed between 3-10 immunopositive cells and a few contained 1-2 cells. The TH immunopositive cells were widely distributed in the islets; they were seen in the centre, at the intermediate position and at the periphery of the islets. The exact role of the TH immunoreactive cells in the islets of Langerhans is not known. It is possible that they secrete tyrosine hydroxylase that may have some paracrine influence to the endocrine cells. Wide distribution of these cells in the islets indicates that they may regulate the entire population of the islets cells
Dangers of injections overuse in developing countries with a high HIV/AIDS prevalence: a review on HIV risk hazards, traumatic effects and other blood borne infections
(Elsevier, 2011) Nsimba, S. E. D.; Gesase, A. P.; Massele, A. Y.
Use of injections is commonly practiced in both developed and developing countries. However, in developing countries like Tanzania, both public and private health care providers prescribe and administer injections to clients/patients. The private sector in developing countries is on the leading side for several reasons and becomes the main one being economic or financial gains through charging patients who demand or request or need an injection. Injections in Tanzania are believed by clients/patients or consumers to work fast or better or more effective than oral medications/tablets. This belief is based on the pharmacological advantage of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of injectables versus oral medications/tablets. Despite the curative advantage injections have in a human body, these injections must be administered by qualified personnel in our health facilities applying both aseptic and sterile techniques in order to minimize/prevent trauma which may lead to paralysis after damaging sciatic nerve to gluteal muscle, nerve to deltoid muscle, continuous bleeding in individuals with bleeding disorders such as haemophilia, or thrombocytopenia, and spread of infections such as HIV, hepatitis B, C, poliomyelitis, osteomyelitis and other abscesses. Thus, there is a need to institute educational interventions targeting all the three levels i.e. health care providers (clinicians and nurses) in public and private facilities, clients/patients or consumers of care who attend in these facilities and not forgetting injection drug users and traditional healers/practitioners from the informal health sector in our society.
Proximate and mineral composition of cocoyam (Colocasia esculenta L. and Xanthosoma sagittifolium L.) grown along the Lake Victoria basin in Tanzania and Uganda
(Academic Journals, 2011) Ndabikunze, B. K.; Talwana, H. A. L.; Mongi, R. J.; Issa-Zacharia, A.; Serem, A. K.; Palapala, V.; Nandi, J. O. M.
The proximate and mineral compositions of cocoyam (Colossian esculenta L. and Xanthosoma sagittifolium L.) grown along Lake Victoria Basin in Tanzania and Uganda were analyzed. C. esculenta and X. sagittifolium samples were significantly (p < 0.05) different in terms of their proximate composition and mineral contents regardless of their country of origin. Proximate analyses included ash, crude protein, and crude fibre. Proximate composition of cocoyam results demonstrated that X. sagittifolium variety is nutritionally superior to that of C. esculenta. Minor nutrients measured were calcium, magnesium, copper, iron, sodium, zinc, manganese, and potassium. The results from these analyses demonstrate that the proximate composition of cocoyam produced in Uganda is substantially different from that produced in Kenya, regardless of the variety. Information obtained from this study can be used to develop cocoyam based food products with enhanced nutrition and potential to promote commercial scale production and utilization of cocoyam in East African countries.
Proximate composition, bread characteristics and sensory evaluation of cocoyam-wheat composite breads.
(Rural Outreach Program, 2011) Mongi, R. J.; Ndabikunze, B. K.; Chove, B. E.; Mamiro, P.; Ruhembe, C. C.; Ntwenya, J. G.
This study was carried out to investigate proximate composition, bread characteristics and sensory evaluation of cocoyam-wheat composite breads at different levels of cocoyam flour substitution for human consumption.A whole wheat bread (WWB) and cocoyam-composite breads (CCB1,CCB 2 and CCB 3) were prepared in triplicate at 0, 10, 20 and 30% levels of cocoyam flours substitution respectively and assessed for proximatecomposition, bread characteristics and sensory attributes.The results indicate that carbohydrate, crude fiber, and ash contents of the cocoyam-composite breads increased significantly (p<0.05) while the moisture and protein contents decreased significantly with progressive increase in the cocoyam flour substitution. The significant (p<0.05) highest ash, fibre and carbohydrate values of 1.61, 1.54 and 70.40 g/100g dm respectively were observed in 30% cocoyam-wheat composite bread compared to lowest values of1.15, 0.29 and 63.25 g/100g dm, respectively in 100% wheat bread. The significant (p<0.05) higher moisture and protein values of 20.99 and 12.54 g/100g dm were observed in 100% wheat bread compared to lowest values of 17.31 and 9.04 g/100g dm, respectively in 30% cocoyam-wheat composite bread. Bread characteristics showed that, the loaf weight of cocoyam composite breads increased significantly (p<0.05) while loaf volume and specific loaf volume decreased significantly (p<0.05) with increasing cocoyam flour substitution The significant (p<0.05) highest loaf weight of 229.33 g was observed in 30% cocoyam-wheat composite bread compared to 208.33, 221.67 and 225 g observed in 100% wheat bread, 10 and 20% cocoyam-wheat composite breads respectively. The highest loaf volume and specific loaf volume of 800 and 3.49 cc were observed in 100% wheat bread compared lowest values of 580 and 2.78 cc respectively observed in 30% cocoyam-wheat composite bread. The sensory evaluation showed no significant (p>0.05) differences in sensory attributes of taste, aroma and acceptability between the 100% wheat and 10% cocoyam-wheat composite breads (p<0.05). In conclusion, this study has shown that the use of cocoyam flour in bread making is feasible and that incorporation of up to 10% of the flour into wheat flour produced acceptable bread with similar taste and aroma comparable to 100% wheat bread. Nevertheless, it is important to consume this bread with other protein rich diet in order to supplement the reduction resulted from substitution.
The effectiveness of ultrasound in the diagnosis of bladder tumours at the Muhimbili national hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
(Health Research User's Trust Fund, 2011) Mwashambwa, Masumbuko Y.; Yongolo, Sydney C.
The importance of an ultrasound in diagnosis of bladder tumours has been investigated by different authors. Some have questioned its effectiveness while others have considered the technique to be an important tool in the initial evaluation of bladder tumours. This study was carried out to establish the effectiveness of the ultrasound in diagnosis of bladder tumours at the Muhimbili National Hospital in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Clinical indications and ultrasound findings were recorded. Cystoscopy was done and findings recorded on a preformed questionnaire. The ultrasound findings were compared to cystoscopy findings and the sensitivity, negativity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value determined. A total of 110 patients were recruited in this study and the male to female ratio was 2:1. The commonest (37%) age group was 41-60 years. The most common clinical indication overall was haematuria in 37% of all cases. In males, bladder outlet obstruction due to stricture was the commonest indication (31%). Out of 110 patients scheduled for cystoscopy, 71 had ultrasound done preoperatively. In these patients 70% had some form of abnormal ultrasound findings. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and the negative predictive value (NPV) of ultrasound in detection of bladder tumour were 83%, 93%, 89% and 89%, respectively. In conclusion, ultrasound is an effective method for evaluating patients presenting with haematuria or suspected to have bladder tumours. It is cheap, available, affordable and non-invasive; has a high sensitivity, and therefore it can also be useful in the follow-up of patient with bladder cancer.
Uterine rupture: a retrospective analysis of causes, complications and management outcomes at Muhimbili National Hospital in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
(Health Research User's Trust Fund, 2012) Kidanto, Hussein L.; Mwampagatwa, Ipyana; Roosemalen, Jos Van
Rupture of the gravid uterus is an obstetric catastrophe that is associated with complications that include massive blood loss, hysterectomy, and damage to the genitourinary tract. It is a serious complication that is associated with high maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. We conducted a retrospective review of case notes (from 2003 to 2009) to determine the incidence, causes, complications and foetal/maternal outcome among women with a diagnosis of ruptured uterus at Muhimbili National Hospital (MNH) in Dar es Salaam Tanzania. Case notes with diagnosis of ruptured uterus were retrieved from the records department and information on maternal demographic characteristics, surgical intervention, maternal and perinatal outcome were collected using a check list. Where information was inadequate it was sought from the obstetric database. Obtained data was cleaned and analyzed using PASW statistics 18 software. Out of 72,570 deliveries 163 cases of ruptured uterus were recorded in seven years, making an incidence of 2.25 per 1000 births. Most ruptures (38%) resulted from neglected obstructed labour and scared uterus (33.6%). Major obstetric haemorrhage (>1500 ml) was the most frequently encountered complication followed by sepsis. Subtotal hysterectomy was the most common (73.6%) surgical intervention. Maternal and perinatal case fatality rates were 12.9%, and 96.3% respectively. Ruptured uterus contributed to 6.6% of all maternal deaths. These findings underscores the need for proper monitoring of labour both in the referring facilities and at MNH and improvement of comprehensive emergence obstetric care at all levels of health care to avoid unnecessary delays in care.
Contribution of minerals from fresh kidney bean leaves and grains in meals consumed in East, South and Central Africa
(Rural Outreach Program, 2012) Mamiro, P. M.; Nyagaya, M.; Mamiro, D. P.; Jumbe, T.; Ntwenya, J.; Bundara, N.
Varieties of legumes are recognized as an important source of protein and dietary minerals by a number of ethnic groups in East, South and Central Africa. Among the legume that is preferred by most Africans are the bean varieties. Beans are consumed in many forms: the young leaves, green pods, and fresh bean grains are used as vegetables; dry bean grains are used in various food preparations, and both are used as relish or side dishes together with the staple food. Apart from alleviating food insecurity, the bean leaves, green bean pods and fresh bean grains are good sources of micronutrients especially iron and zinc. Thirty eight varieties of beans deemed to be rich in minerals iron and zinc collected from a number of locations in East and Central Africa were brought from University of Nairobi and multiplied at Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro. Bean leaves and fresh beans grains were picked for analysis after the plants reached three weeks and two months, respectively. Iron and zinc content was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer after ashing the samples. Analysis showed that leaves had significantly (P<0.05) more iron than the fresh bean grains. For bean leaves, Maharagi soja had the highest level of iron (1653.9 mg/100g) followed by Nain De Kiondo (1061.1 mg/100g). Similarly, Maharagi soja had the highest level of zinc (40.8 mg/100g), followed by Kiangara (40.5 mg/100g). Variety HRS 545 fresh bean grains, had the highest level of iron (1114.0 mg/100g) followed by Ituri Matata (983.4 mg/100g) while highest zinc content was found in HRS 545 (41.1 mg/100g) followed by RWR 10 (41.1 mg/100g). These levels of minerals are significantly higher than the average amount found in dry bean grains (Fe 5.6 – 8.0 mg/100g) and (Zn 1.7 - 2.0 mg/100g). Creating more awareness and encouraging the utilization of bean leaves and fresh bean grains will contribute in alleviating micronutrient deficiencies especially among the vulnerable groups such as children, pregnant and lactating women, and resource-poor families.
Health-related quality of life and needs of careand support of adult Tanzanians with cancer:a mixed-methods study
(BioMed Central, 2012) Masika, Golden M.; Wettergren, Lena; Kohi, Thecla W.; Essen, Louise von
Background: Cancer is among the three leading causes of death in low income countries and the highest increasewith regard to incidence figures for cancer diseases are found in these countries. This is the first report of thehealth-related quality of life (HRQOL) and needs of care and support of adult Tanzanians with cancer. Methods: A mixed-methods design was used. The study was conducted at Ocean Road Cancer Institute (ORCI) inDar es Salaam, Tanzania. One hundred and one patients with a variety of cancer diagnoses treated and cared forat ORCI answered the Kiswahili version of the EORTC QLQ-C30 investigating HRQOL. Thirty-two of the patientsparticipated in focus group interviews discussing needs of care and support. Data from focus group interviewswere analyzed with content analysis. Results: The findings show that the patients, both women and men, report a low quality of life, especially withregard to physical, role, and social function and a high level of symptoms and problems especially with financialdifficulties and pain. Financial difficulties are reported to a remarkably high extent by both women and men.The patients, both women and men report least problems with emotional function. A content analysis of the interview data revealed needs of food and water, hygienic needs, emotional needs, spiritual needs, financial needs,and needs of closeness to cancer care and treatment services. Conclusion: The high score for pain points out that ORCI is facing severe challenges regarding care and treatment.However, when considering this finding it should be noted that the pain subscale of the Kiswahili version of theEORTC QLQ-C30 did not reach acceptable internal consistency and showed less than satisfactory convergentvalidity. This also applies to the subscales cognitive function and global health/quality of life. Attention should bedrawn to meet the identified needs of Tanzanian cancer patients while hospitalized but also when at home.Increased accessibility of mosquito nets, pads, and pain-killers would help to fulfil some needs.
Bilateral anomalies of renal pelves presenting with supernumerary left testicular vein
(IMTU, 2013) Mwashambwa, M. Y.; Gesase, A. P.; Mwampagatwa, I. H.
The current observation presents a case of right duplicated renal pelvis and anomalies of right and left renal vessels. The duplicated pelvis formed anterior and posterior segments which entered the renal substance separately and each had its own set of renal major calyces. The anterior segment appeared dilated, measuring about 1.3cm wide and was associated with three major calyces. The posterior segment had a straight course and appeared narrower than the anterior segment; it measured 0.75cm wide and it was associated with one major calyx. Both anterior and posterior segments joined into a common channel that formed the ureter. The left kidney was observed to have dilated triangular renal pelvis with a base measuring 4cm, it was associated with supernumerary testicular veins both which drained into the left renal vein. Congenital anomalies of the renal pelvis can lead to pelvicoureteric obstruction, urinary tract infection, stone and cancer formation. Supernumerary testicular vein are very rare anomalies ad have been commonly observed in females than in the males. Ontological significance of such anomalies is not clearly known, but continuous documentation of congenital abnormalities of the urinary system remains to be important in medical and surgical practice
The male circumcision: the oldest ancient procedure, its past, present and future roles
(Health Research User's Trust Fund, 2013) Mwashambwa, Masumbuko Y.; Mwampagatwa, Ipyana H.; Rastagaev, Alexender; Gesase, Ainory P.
Circumcision, a surgical removal of male prepuce has existed throughout human history, and it appears it shall exist until humanity ends. During its entire existence, there have been changing reasons or indications from cultural, traditional, religious and currently medical, and it has vehemently been criticized by some individuals for different reasons and in different countries. Emergency of new diseases particularly Human Immunodeficient virus (HIV) has brought the ancient procedure back on spot light, this has come as a result of recent studies which have demonstrated that it does not only reduces significantly the rate of HIV infection, as well as penile cancer and cervical cancer. This has lead to massive male circumcision campaigns in areas with low prevalence of circumcision. On the other hand the socio-cultural and sexual aspects of male circumcision have been studied but often ignored. This article will therefore increase awareness of male circumcision and the increasing roles with time, recommend up scaling of medical male circumcision and possible safe circumcision training to tradition circumcisers.
Morpho-physiological features associated with menopause: recent knowledge and areas for future work
(Health Research User's Trust Fund, 2013) Mwampagatwa, Ipyana H.; Mwashambwa, Masumbuko Y.; Gesase, Ainory P.
Menopause is the permanent cessation of menstruation resulting from loss of ovarian follicular activity which happens as a result of depletion of primary follicles which is basically an aging effect. Depletion of ovarian follicles is reflected as declined production of oestradiol which is currently known to be central to the morphologic and physiological changes that happen during the climacteric, menopause and post menopause periods. The cessation of oestradiol production is much more pronounced in tissues with oestrogen receptors such as bones, brain, blood vessels, central nervous system and the skin. But generally little is known on the subject and in particular the bioactive substances involved in the process such that there are some symptoms that menopause women experience which not only defy clinicians but also challenge the management of the condition. This article is presented to shade light to what is currently known, what is not known and stimulate future research which may reveal more understanding and advance our knowledge on management of women throughout the climacteric and menopausal periods.
Descriptive sensory analysis, consumer liking and preference mapping for solar dried mango cv Dodo
(IISTE, 2013) Mongi, Richard J.; Ndabikunze, Bernadette; Chove, Bernard; Wicklund, Trude
Descriptive sensory characteristics, consumer liking and preference mapping of solar dried mango cv Dodo were investigated in this study. Three solar drying methods solar cabinet direct dryer (CDD), cabinet mixed-mode dryer (CMD) and Tunnel dryer (TD) were used to dry mango samples while fresh sample was used as control. Descriptive sensory analysis was performed by 15 trained panelists who used 6 descriptors to quantitatively describe the sensory characteristics of mango samples while 78 consumers were used to assess the degree of liking of products’ sensory attributes using nine-point hedonic scale. External preference mapping was performed by relating sensory data with hedonic responses. Randomized complete block research design with panelists and samples as main principal factors was used. The results showed significant differences (p<0.05) in mean intensity scores of whiteness, hardness and sweetness attributes with dried samples having higher values than their fresh counterparts. Fresh sample had significantly (p<0.05) higher colour intensity score than dried samples. The consumer study showed that, with exception of taste attribute, consumers showed significant (p<0.05) differences in colour, texture, mouth feel and overall acceptability with fresh samples having higher values than dried counterparts. Moreover, the preference mapping results showed colour and acidity (flavour) attributes to be the main driver for positive consumer preference for fresh samples. Among the drying methods, tunnel dryer showed a relatively close relationship with these attributes than cabinet dryers. In conclusion, solar drying has significant effect on sensory attributes of dried mango especially colour and flavour which is also dependent on the drying method employed. Therefore, selection of appropriate drying method which will retain these attributes is of greater importance for consumer acceptability and marketability.
Bilateral multiple variations in the formation of the brachial plexus and its terminal nerves: a case report
(IMED Research Publications, 2013) Mchonde, Gabriel J.; Fabian, Flora M.; Nondoli, Hortensia G.
Variations in formation of brachial plexus roots, trunks, divisions and cords are not uncommon and maybe of important in regional anaesthesia involving the upper limb. However, in the present case we are reporting a rare bilateral multiple variations observed during routine dissection on a 77-years-old embalmed male cadaver on left and right brachial plexus. Understanding the anatomical variations involving brachial plexus is important and might benefit the physicians, surgeons, anaesthesiologists and neuroanatomists during their routine procedures involving the cervical, axillary and the upper limb regions.
Assessment of post-harvest handling practices: knowledge and losses of fruits in Bagamoyo district of Tanzania
(IISTE, 2013) Kereth, Gudila A.; Lyimo, Monica; Mbwana, Hadijah A.; Mongi, Richard J.; Ruhembe, Carolyne C.
The harvesting practices, knowledge and post-harvest losses of fruits along the supply chain in Bagamoyo District were investigated. 142 farmers, 50 retailers and 10 wholesalers dealing with fruits were involved in the study. Data were collected using structured questionnaires. The results indicate that, 90.14% of the respondents harvested fruits when they are just ripe and the great market losses were reported to occur due to rotting (microbial) at 63%, physiological at 20% and 17% by insects and rodents. Along the supply chain, mechanical damage was observed to be the major type of loss during harvesting (79%) and transportation (56%) while microbial damage was observed by majority (67%) during marketing. Poor infrastructure from farm to the market was observed to account for large percentage of losses in the market. The findings also shows that all farmers (100%) interviewed have no knowledge on post-harvest losses and management. In the view of the findings, it can be concluded that, post-harvest handling practices and knowledge of stakeholders involved in fruit sub sector in the country are not good enough to prevent the losses. It is therefore imperative to improve educational knowledge, skills and fruits quality from the field to reduce post-harvest losses.
Pre-treatment of high free fatty acids oils by chemical re-esterification for biodiesel production—a review
(Scientific Research, 2013) Kombe, Godlisten G.; Temu, Abraham K.; Rajabu, Hassan M.; Mrema, Godwill D.; Kansedo, Jibrail; Lee, Keat Teong
Non edible oil sources have the potential to lower the cost of biodiesel. However, they usually contain significant high amounts of free fatty acids (FFA) that make them inadequate for direct base catalyzed transesterification reaction (where the FFA content should be lower than 3%). The present work reviews chemical re-esterification as a possible method for the pre-treatment of high FFA feedstock for biodiesel production. The effects of temperature, amount of glycerol, type and amount of catalyst have been discussed. Chemical re-esterification lowers FFA to acceptable levels for transesterification at the same time utilizing the glycerol by product from the same process. Further researches have been proposed as a way forward to improve the process kinetics and optimization so as to make it more economical.
Termination pattern of the main and accessory pancreatic ducts among Tanzanians
(Association of Anatomical Societies of Africa, 2014) Mchonde, Gabriel J.; Gesase, Ainory Peter
The pancreas has the main and occasionally a patent accessory pancreatic ducts that carry secretions to the duodenum. Anatomical studies on these ducts are limited. The present study observed the anatomy of the two ducts in eighty six Tanzanians autopsy subjects to find out if the pattern is similar to those reported from other populations. The patent accessory pancreatic duct, and common channel formed by union of accessory pancreatic duct and common bile duct were present in 29.1% and 7% respectively, and shorter common channels formed by the main pancreatic and common bile duct were observed. These are novel findings and have not been reported before. The variations on the pattern of the two ducts have anatomical and clinical implications. Adequate knowledge of these variations is important for clinical and surgical procedures of the pancreaticobilliary system.
Medicines wastage at a tertiary hospital in Dar Es Salaam Tanzania
(Open Science Publishers LLP, 2014) Kagashe, Godeliver Anatory; Makenya, Florah Boniface; Buma, Deus
Medicines wastage is a problem in health care delivery systems, however the extent of this wastage and associated factors in many health care settings is less known. The objective of this study was to assess medicines wastage and its associated factors in a hospital setting in Dar es Salaam city Tanzania. Specifically to determine major types of medicines wasted and to identify factors contributing towards the wastage. A cross sectional study was carried out at a tertiary hospital, where patient files were analyzed for last admission treatment information for the year 2012. Results show that about 56.3% of medicines prescribed were dispensed to patients. Out of the dispensed medicines, 730 medicines dosages were wasted. Anti-infective medicines wastage was 18.9%, cardiovascular medicines (8.9%) and the other categories was 23.7% of the total medicines dispensed. The factors contributing to medicines wastage were excess (44%), pilferage (26.5%), patient death and change/stop of medicines. Excess supply and pilferage were the major contributing factors. Measures should therefore be taken to mitigate the sources of wastage identified by this study so as to ensure availability of medicines and their rational use in hospital settings.

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