Journal Articles

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Farmer Tree Nurseries as a Catalytst for Developing Sustainable best Management Land Use Practices in the Nile River Basin: Case Studies from East Africa
(LARS, 2007) Shisanya, C.A.; Tenge, A.; Kalumuna, M.
Support to farmer nurseries is classified as either “hard” referring to material inputs (tree seed, water, tools and fencing) or “soft” (information, training and backstopping advice). Against a background of poor services for smallholder farmers in the Lake Victoria basin, it was hypothesized that a number of support agents operating at the grassroot level together with farmers themselves provide the different support functions needed in the establishment of farmer tree nurseries. Through financial support from Inter-University Council of East Africa coordinated VicReS Project, a collaborative project involving Kenyatta University (Kenya), Kenya Agricultural Research Institute and Mulingano Agricultural Research Institute (Tanzania) has been able to initiate reforestation/afforestation activities in Lake Victoria catchments ecosystems of western Kenya and western Tanzania. Through the initial activities, a total of twenty four (24) farmer groups have been identified in western Kenya and supported through capacity building and supply of basic inputs for tree nursery seed bed preparation and management. The groups have been able to set up tree nurseries and are now managing seed beds with a total of 450,000 agro-forestry seedlings, mainly Grevillea robusta and Casuarina spp. The farmers intend to distribute the seedling among the members for planting on farm boundaries, around homesteads, and woodlots within the homesteads and sell the surplus. Preliminary findings show that there is an urgent need to facilitate grassroot level support systems with larger participation from the national extension service for provision of training and backstopping advice. Strengthening the human capital of farmers and service providers emerges as critical in increasing impact. Farmer nurseries are shown to play a number of important and interrelated functions in building natural, human and social capital. Monitoring and evaluating farmer nurseries in catalysing these three functions should therefore receive proper attention in assessing the impact of sustainable land use systems. Policies need to be well articulated to address some of the major constrains identified in the Lake Victoria catchments ecosystem.
Attitudes of local communities towards REDD+ initiatives in Tanzania. a case of selected communities in Kilwa district
(IJMRA, 2014) Jeremiah, Rebecca J.; Mbwambo, Jonathan S.; Silayo, Dos Santos A.
Climate change has turned to be a global issue which is no longer a concern of the environmental sector alone, but a cross- cutting and a multidisciplinary issue due to its economic, social, and ecological impacts to the global community, including smallholder farmers in low-income countries. While industrial development is acknowledged to have significant contribution to anthropogenic greenhouse emissions, 25% of all anthropogenic GHG emissions responsible for climate change come from deforestation and forest degradation. Thus, reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) is important intervention that is necessary for sustainable reduction of emission and enhancement sink capacity using efforts manned by local communities. However, the extent to which local communities are aware of climate change and its impacts have not been studies in REDD+ project areas in Tanzania. A study was therefore conducted in Kilwa District to assess the community awareness and attitude towards REDD+ initiatives, with a particular focus on their willingness to participate in the implementation of REDD+. Data collection was done using both structured and semi-structured interviews. A Logistic regression model was used to determine factors influencing willingness to participate while Cross- tabulation and Likert scale were used to determine the level of awareness and attitudes between different sub- samples. Results indicate that 76% of local communities are aware of impacts of climate change but only 44.5% were aware of the REDD+ objectives and its potential benefits. The level of community awareness has a significant influence (p=0.000) on willingness to participate in REDD+ implementation. Other factors include: Attitude, Income and land size. The study concludes that, community’s willingness to participate in REDD+ activities is influenced by many factors but to the greatest extent by awareness. It is recommended that, creation of a proper awareness of the REDD+ objectives to the participating communities is highly need.
Towards developing INSET materials for secondary schools science and mathematics inspectors in Tanzania: experience from needs assessment
(Elsevier, 2014) William, Francis; Kibga, Elia
This is a research reported on the workshop made during needs assessment of a gap between knowledge and practice of Secondary Schools Science and Mathematics Inspectors (SSI) in the process of providing support, liaison and control to the implementation of developed innovation in science, mathematics and ICT. Thirteen (13) SSI attended the workshop. Questionnaire, interview protocols and observations were the means of collecting data. Findings and observations showed that the inspectors had inadequate knowledge and skills of providing support, liaison and control to the innovations that were continuously being implemented in secondary school. It was concluded that sustainability of the new innovations depended largely on the involvement of the SSI knowledge and skills to monitor and evaluate them.
Book review: Mabepari wa bongo
(Kioo cha Lugha, 2014) Masele, E.J.
Mabepari wa Bongo (2007) written by Frown. P. Nyoni, perfectly captures what this literary work embodies. It is a play that reflects a higher degree of corruption in the country. Through this endeavors of touching on thematic expression, the play attempts to reveal the government leaders’ irresponsibility which surrounds most of the African countries. In most cases, the leaders use globalization as a scapegoat to justify their bad deeds to the masses.
The syntactico–semantic proficiency of written English language for undergraduate students in Tanzania
(Premier Publishers, 2015) Rwakakindo, Ibrahim Domician
This paper solely investigated the status of the syntactico-semantic proficiency of written English language for the undergraduate students in Tanzania, with a particular focus on students doing linguistics. The data from which I drew the inferences were obtained from two (2) different public universities: the University of Dodoma and Mkwawa University College of Education (the Constituent College of the University of Dar es Salaam). The University of Dodoma was purposively selected because of being the institution where the researcher was working; thus, some research costs such as transport and accommodation could be cut down since the research was individually funded. Likewise, Mkwawa University College of Education was purposively selected because of the researcher’s certainty of getting a reliable Assistant Researcher (AR) who helped in collecting data from the target respondents, who were fortunately his students. The AR volunteered to assist me carrying out the task; hence, I incurred only the mailing fees of the questionnaires, thereby cutting down a part of the research costs. All respondents in the study areas were randomly selected. An equal number of respondents was taken from each study area, i.e. 30 respondents from the University of Dodoma and 30 respondents from Mkwawa University College of Education. Hence, the sample size was constituted by 60 respondents. Data were gathered using syntactico-semantic questionnaires and were manually analyzed using tables. The study findings indicated that the students' syntactico-semantic proficiency of English language was relatively poor. The respondents demonstrated poor usage of tenses and punctuation marks, and most of the passages they wrote had poor grammar. This is a clear manifestation of an unimaginable deterioration of English language in Tanzania. It was finally suggested that the syntactico-semantic proficiency of written English in Tanzania could be elevated by preparing and effecting two different curricula at the secondary school level. Forms One to Four should follow a purely communicative curriculum, and Forms Five and Six should follow a structuro-communicative curriculum in which we shall have an intensive teaching of grammar, intensive and extensive reading and writing of essays, articles for the school magazine and simple story books. During assessment, whether internal or external, two modes of assessment should be done: written and oral modes.
U-Nigeria: Athari zake katika filamu za kiswahili nchini Tanzani
(The University of Dar es Salaam, 2016) Kasiga, G. A.
Makala haya yanaangazia athari za U-Nigeria katika filamu za Kiswahili nchini Tanzania. Dhana hii ya U-Nigeria imetazamwa kama masuala yanayojadiliwa katika filamu za ki-Nigeria ambayo yamekuwa yakipatiwa nafasi ya kujadiliwa upya katika filamu za Kitanzania. Kupitia makala haya, filamu ya Kiswahili nchini Tanzania imeonekana inahitajika kuwa alama ya utambulisho wa utamaduni wa Kitanzania. Athari za U-Nigeria zimejadiliwa katika pande mbili: Athari za UNigeria kwa watayarishaji wa filamu za Kiswahili - Tanzania na athari za U-Nigeria kwa watazamaji wa filamu za Kiswahili Tanzania. Tija na madhara ya U-Nigeria yamejadiliwa katika muktadha wa utayarishaji na utazamaji. Kwa kuhitimisha hili, imeonekana kuwa jamii inayoazima utamaduni wa jamii nyingine katika utambaji wa hadithi zake huiweka mbali sanaa na jamii husika. Hivyo, watayarishaji wa filamu za Kiswahili-Tanzania wanahitajika kutayarisha filamu ambazo zitakuwa sehemu ya tajiriba, silika, historia na maisha ya Kitanzania.
Tofauti baina ya Vivumishi na Vibainishi katika Lugha ya Kiswahili
(The University of Dar es Salaam, 2017) Philipo, Zabron T.
Nia ya makala hii ni kuonyesha tofauti ya dhana ‘kivumishi’ na ‘kibainishi’ katika lugha ya Kiswahili. Wanaisimu wengi, kwa kutumia mtazamo wa kimapokeo, wamekuwa wakichanganya dhana hizi mbili katika lugha hii ambapo vibainishi vimekuwa vikiwekwa kwenye ‘kapu’ moja na vivumishi. Kutokana na kuwapo kwa utata huo, makala hii inazitalii dhana hizi mbili ili kujaribu kuondoa au kupunguza utata unaowakabili wanaisimu katika kuzipambanua dhana hizi katika lugha ya Kiswahili. Mbinu ya udurusu wa nyaraka ilitumika kupata data za makala hii1. Mtazamo wa kisasa katika kuainisha tofauti baina ya vivumishi na vibainishi ulitumika. Mtazamo huu unasisitiza kutumia kigezo cha kisintaksia kupambanua aina hizi za maneno kwa kuzingatia: mosi, mtawanyiko wake, pili, dhima kisarufi, na tatu, mnyambuliko wa aina hizi za maneno. Aidha, makala hii inapendekeza vigezo na namna nyingine za kuainisha vibainishi na vivumishi katika lugha ya Kiswahili.
Towards developing the orientation programme content for the first-year students at the University of Dodoma
(IJISSH, 2017) Ali, Habibu Dadi
This article presents the stakeholders’ perspectives on the current status of the orientation programme for first year students at universities. Survey method involving exploratory case study design was employed using the qualitative approach to generate the data, i.e. interviews and focus group discussion and later on subjected to qualitative analysis. Data were obtained from 88 informants who included 80 first year students who were pursuing bachelor degrees, 4 wardens and 4 deputy deans of students at the University of Dodoma. This sample was determined by saturation criterion and they were selected using purposive random sampling technique. The findings show that the orientations programme currently being executed at UDOM focuses much on students’ social adjustment behaviors while there is a little attention paid on the academic adjustment aspects. Besides, the study came up with the orientation course content for the upcoming orientation programme. Such contents are – campus tour, GPA, course information, UDOM SR, examination rules and regulations, lecture pre requisite, role and function of student advisor, accessibility of library resources, academic survival skills, and financial management were suggested as the key content of the orientation programme. In the light of these results, the paper concludes that UDOM has to develop its orientation programme by taking the learners’ needs into account as they are the primary beneficiary of such programme. Similarly, during the orientation programme, considerable attention needs to be paid to issues related to academics aspects since they are crucial in their academic journey.
The linguistic landscape of urban Tanzania: An account of the language of billboards and shop-signs in district headquarters
(United States International University-Africa, 2018) Lusekelo, A.; Alphonce, C.
In examination of language use in public domains in Tanzania, this paper articulates the state of multilingualism in the composition of signposts in district headquarters countrywide. The paper challenges the suggestion that Tanzania is primarily a Kiswahili speaking country. It also challenges the suggestion that Tanzania consists of English as an official language with limited domains of use. While it is claimed that ethnic community languages are a vehicular of communication in domains related to informal settings and homesteads, the paper argues for the presence of in linguistic landscape. Findings from five regions of Tanzania, namely, Arusha, Iringa, Kagera, Manyara and Mbeya indicate the dominance of bilingual Kiswahili-English signposts in urban centres. Further, findings display dominance of English-only signposts, which is a good testimony that this public domain makes use of English rather than Kiswahili. Furthermore, on the basis of font-size and font-colour, English words turn more prominent than Kiswahili words. Nonetheless, on the basis of word counts, Kiswahili is significantly used in bilingual signposts than English. Thus, this article concludes that the importance of English surpasses Kiswahili in the language use in bilingual signposts in urban Tanzania.
A syntactic analysis of relative clauses in the Southern Cushitic language, Iraqw
(DUCE, 2018) Alphonce, C.
The article offers an account of the syntax of relative clauses in Iraqw, a Southern Cushitic language of the Afroasiatic Micropylum spoken in northern Tanzania. It examines the structure of relative clauses, relativization strategies, relative markers and noun phrase accessibility hierarchy (AB). Using the descriptive research design, coupled with the qualitative approach, data were generated through elicitation. 8 informants were sampled through snowball technique to inform the study. Text collection was also done to identify relative clauses. The analysis of the data obtained revealed the following: (i) Iraqw displays postnominal relative clause, the feature that is common in most of the world and African languages; (ii) Iraqw speakers typically use overt morphological relative markers, namely demonstrative suffixes (-i?/-ka??,-si?ng, -qa??1 and -da??), and independent construct cases (oo, ar and awa) and covert phonological marker, the construct suffix (marked into the head noun by high tone); (iii) the language uses the gap strategy for relativization of nearly all grammatical relations, except the object of comparison, which uses resumptive pronoun; (iv) the direct object of ditransitive verbs uses both gapping strategy and resumptive pronoun; (v) Iraqw can relativize all six grammatical relations on the accessibility hierarchy, although the object of comparison is hardly relativizable.
An assessment of language choice in the contemporary Tanzanian music
(The College of Business Education Tanzania., 2018) Mtallo, Godson. M; Msoffe, Modesta. J.
This study presents an assessment of language choice in the contemporary Tanzanian music. The study was guided by three objectives namely; to assess language trend in the Tanzanian music as from 1980s up to now, to investigate the factors for language choice as well as finding the impact of language choice in music to Tanzanian society. The study was conducted in Dar es Salaam city and Same district in Kilimanjaro region involving musicians, producers and distributors of Tanzanian music. Tools employed in collecting data for this study were interviews and questionnaires comprising of closed and open-ended questions as well as the documentary review. The analysis of data was mainly descriptive and comparative. The findings of the study revealed that the contemporary Tanzanian music employ code switching done in two languages Kiswahili and English and in rare cases the switch is between Kiswahili and ethnic community languages. Lexical borrowing from English and the use of non-standard Kiswahili in the songs’ lyrics were also evident.
The status of ethnic community language (s) within the endogamous and exogamous families in urban centers of Tanzania
(College of Business Education, 2018) Masinde, Y.N.; Mtallo, G.R.
This article dealt specifically with the status of Ethnic Community Languages (ECLs) within the endogamous and exogamous families especially in the aspect of use in the families living in urban centers. The study aimed at looking how these two groups of families communicate to each other especially under the concept of language choice. The respondents were obtained by using purposive sampling and the target populations were the workers in four higher learning institutions in Dodoma Municipality. Instruments for data collections were questionnaire and interview. The major findings of this study were; in the context of language use, both families use Kiswahili in their daily conversation, endogamous families use Kiswahili almost in all contexts except in few occasions, and Swahili language is being transmitted to their children in both families. Also it was observed that even when couples meet and speak with parents and people who speak the same language, they still resort to the use of Swahili instead of their ECLs. Also couples, whether from endogamous or exogamous families are no longer interested in using ethnic community languages in their families. There are only few occasions i.e. in greetings with their children, especially in the endogamous families where couples use ethnic languages. So the study concluded that, there were no major perceived differences between endogamous and exogamous families in terms of language use. This means that endogamous families, where husband and wife speak the same ethnic language, still use Kiswahili at home in all conversations. In the exogamous families as well, where the husband and wife speak different ethnic language, they also resort to Kiswahili as a language of daily communication. As a general picture of this study, it can be concluded that the status of ethnic community languages especially in the families living in urban centers are in the verge of extinction of their daily use as well as being transmitted to their children. It may not necessarily be true that couples who speak the same language may use the same at home during daily communication.
Dhima ya taswira katika ufasiri na uteguzi wa vitendawili
(Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam, 2019) Badru, Zuhura A.
Vitendawili ni utanzu wa fasihi simulizi ambao umechunguzwa kwa kiasi kikubwa hasa kuhusu maana, muundo pamoja na dhima zake. Aidha, imedhihirika kuwa utanzu huu ni tajiri katika matumizi ya lugha ya picha na ishara ambazo hufumbata sitiari inayotarajiwa kufumbuliwa. Hata hivyo, namna ambavyo picha na ishara hizo hufasiriwa na kupata maana bado haijachunguzwa. Katika makala hii tumebainisha namna taswira zinavyowezesha vitendawili kueleweka kwa kurahisisha tafsiri ya picha zilizotumika, kuondoa utata, kutumia maneno kiiktisadi, na hivyo, kuwezesha hadhira kufumbua kitendawili kwa wepesi na kuuona ulimwengu wake kwa upya. Data za makala hii zilipatikana kwa njia ya uchunguzi matini, mahojiano na mjadala wa vikundi baina ya mtafiti na watoataarifa wake kutoka baadhi ya mikoa ya Tanzania Bara na Visiwani. Imebainika kwamba taswira katika vitendawili ina dhima kadhaa katika ufasiri na uteguaji wa vitendawili hivyo, ikiwamo kuondoa utata, kuutazama ulimwengu upya na kuleta iktisadi.
Uforensiki katika ujumi wa riwaya pendwa ya kiswahili: uchambuzi wa riwaya ya “Kikosi cha Kisasi”
(University of Namibia, 2019) Luhwago, Neema Julius
Makala haya yanakusudia kuchunguza namna uforensiki unavyoibua ujumi wa riwaya pendwa ya Kiswahili, sambamba na kuitambulisha taaluma ya uforensiki inavyojitokeza katika riwaya ya Kikosi cha Kisasi. Kutofahamikavyema kwa taaluma ya uforensiki katika riwaya pendwa ya Kiswahili, kumesababisha mtazamo hasi kwa wadau mbalimbali wa fasihi ya Kiswahili kama vile Kimura (1991), Hussein (1971) na Kezilahabi (1976), waliotafiti na kuihakiki riwaya pendwa ya Kiswahili na kuiona kuwa ni riwaya isiyo na mafunzo yenye maadili kwa jamii, kutokana na maudhui yake ya ujambazi, mauaji, uhalifu, ujasusi, mapenzi na upelelezi kuelezwa waziwazi. Hali hii imesababishwa na uchache wa wanataaluma waliojihusisha na tafiti zinazohusu uforensiki katika riwaya pendwa ya Kiswahili. Hata hivyo, suala la uforensiki katika kuibua ujumi wa riwaya pendwa ya Kiswahili halijashughulikiwa. Kutoshughulikiwa huko kunaendeleza mtazamo hasi wa kuziona riwaya hizi kuwa zimeiga utamaduni wa kigeni na hazina umuhimu katika jamii yetu, licha ya kuwa jamii yenyewe tayari imeshaathiriwa na utandawazi kutokana na maendeleo ya sayansi na teknolojia.. Makala haya yatasaidia kuondoa mtazamo hasi uliopo juu ya riwaya pendwa ya Kiswahili na kuidhihiridha namna uforensiki unavyoibua ujumi katika riwaya pendwa ya Kiswahili hususani riwaya ya Kikosi cha Kisasi.
Toponyms and identity in Hanang’District: Their origin and meaning
(Sciendo, 2019) Alphonce, C.; Sane, E.
This article is centred on place identity in Hanang’ District. Informed by the literature about place identity, the study describes the origin and the sociolinguistic meaning of place names following the analysis of 110 names that were collected from different places around Hanang’ District. Snowball sampling was appropriately used to obtain 15 informants for face-to-face interviews. Our analysis revealed that many place names in Hanang’ are predominantly from Datooga language and a few from Kiswahili, Nyaturu, Iraqw, Alagwa and Maasai. The qualitative analysis of the names revealed that the names have informative content deriving from landscape features, plants, people, animals and names of birds, events, activities, and the behaviour of some objects in the place. Sometimes, post-modification is done for descriptive specification. This is to say that marked geographical features and events in a particular place characterise the place in Hanang’. Therefore, place names in Hanang’ serve to describe the people’s history, beliefs, or label important features. There is a trend of shift in a number of place names in Hanang’ as a result of contact with the Bantu speakers. This has, consequently, contributed to the replacement of some indigenous sounds by the Kiswahili sounds that contributed to the loss and/or hybridization of names in terms of spelling and pronunciation
Filamu ya Kiswahili: Fasihi simulizi iliyostawi
(Moi University Press, 2019) Kasiga, Gerevaz. A.; Luhwago, Neema. J.
Makala haya yanaijadili sanaa ya filamu za Kiswahili kama fasihi simulizi iliyopevuka na kuchukua mkondo wa kiteknnlojia kutokana na utegemezi wake wa nyenze katika utambaji. Hadhi ya kisanaa ya filamu imetazamwa kwa namna inayoonesha kujitokezea kwake kupitia umbo na wajihi wa kifasihi.
Preservation of archival heritage in Zanzibar Island national archives, Tanzania
(The South African Society of Archivists., 2019) Kaminyoge, G.; Chami, Maximilian F.
This paper focuses on the assessment of preservation of archival heritage resources in Zanzibar Island National Archives (ZNA) in Tanzania. Many studies on cultural heritage resources in Tanzania have until recently concentrated on the archaeology, management and conservation of the immovable heritage, leaving out issues of preservation of archival heritage resources. This has led to problems in the preservation of archival heritage resources in Tanzania. Data were collected through interviews, focus group discussions and legal analytical method and analysed using a thematic approach. The sample size included six ZNA staff who provided their views about the preservation of archival heritage in Tanzania. The findings show that the overall archival heritage resources of the Zanzibar National Archive have a big connection with the other cultural heritage resources of Zanzibar Island. Therefore, the paper recommends the revolutionary government of Zanzibar to support the Archives Department financially with the modern archival preservation and conservation equipment.
Psychoanalytic Interpretation of Marina's Character in Kyomuhendo's Secrets No More.
(University of Dar es salaam, 2019) Masele, E.J.; Kisweka, D.M.
Based on the assumption that characters in a literary text are true representations of human beings, this paper intends to interpret Kyomuhendo's characterization of Marina in Secrets No More, applying psychoanalytic theory thereby, authenticating Freud's concept of personality in the understanding of characters' deeds in the novel. Taking into consideration that Freud's psychoanalysis is a wide and complex theory, this paper focuses on the basics of 'Id', 'Ego' and 'Super-ego' as modes of interpretation to evaluate the effectiveness of the theory in providing a deeper understanding of a character's personality and meaningful interpretation of a text. In the same context, Freud's psychoanalysis is also linked up with the literary trauma theory in the discussion of characters' behaviours, particularly those associated with tragic events and memories of the past. The study reveals that Freud's psychoanalysis and traumatic theories, as employed in Kyomuhendo's Secrets No More, demonstrate plainly the achievement of the theories in generating knowledge about characters in literary works. Also, through psychoanalysis and traumatic theories, the study proves the role of characters in literary works on conditioning acceptable behaviour patterns in a society.
A syntactico-semantic analysis of possessive constructions in Kisubi
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2019) Rwakakindo, I. D.; Mreta, A. Y.
This paper intends to explore the way in which possessive constructions in Kisubi can be categorised and examine the extent to which semantic line between the established possessive categories is clearly demarcated. The study is guided by the prototype theory and it is confined to the nominal possessive constructions. It adopted a qualitative approach. Data were collected from six (6) participants who were snowballingly selected from three wards in Biharamulo District. The data were collected using structured interview, introspection and focus group discussion (FGD). Content analysis technique and interlinear glossing approach were used for data analysis. The Prototype Theory was mainly used in categorising possessive constructions. The findings indicate that possessive constructions fall into two broad categories, namely typical and less typical. Typical possessive constructions (TPCs), also known as alienable possessive constructions, display actual/canonical possession. Less typical possessive constructions (LTPCs) on the other hand can be divided into two categories: firstly, inalienable possessive constructions, which essentially display socio-cultural possession; and secondly, neither alienable-nor-inalienable possessive constructions. The latter category has three aspects: generic possessive constructions, part-whole-like possessive constructions and other-relations possessive constructions. The findings of the study demonstrate that there is a thin line between alienable and inalienable possessive constructions: the semantic features of both categories tend to overlap in some occurrences.
Ukiukwaji wa nadharia tumizi ya uakifishaji katika kazi za kitaaluma za wanafunzi wa shule za msingi Tanzania
(Taasisi ya Taaluma za Kiswahili, Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam, 2020) Stephano, Rehema
Makala haya ni zao la tasnifu ya Stephano (2015) yenye mada ya “Uzingatizi wa Viakifishi katika Uandishi wa Kitaaluma: Mifano kutoka Shule za Msingi Tanzania.” Makala inabainisha misingi mikuu ya Nadharia Tumizi ya Uakifishaji na kuonesha ukiukwaji wake katika nyaraka zinazotumika kufundishia na kujifunzia Kiswahili katika shule za msingi. Data za utafiti huu zimetokana na mapitio ya nyaraka za kufundishia na kujifunzia Kiswahili. Nyaraka hizo ni vitini vya masomo ya wanafunzi wa Darasa la VI na VII, na vitabu vya kiada na viongozi vya walimu Darasa I - VII. Matokeo ya uchunguzi wetu yanaonesha kuwa Nadharia Tumizi ya Uakifishaji haizingatiwi kwa uhakika, hasa katika uandishi wa insha. Ni viakifishi vichache tu, nukta, kiulizo, mshangao (viakifishi vya Safu 1) na mkato (kiakifishi cha Safu 4) ikilinganishwa na idadi inayopendekezwa na nadharia (ambavyo ni viakifishi kumi na vinne), ndivyo vinavyotumika. Zaidi, matokeo yanaonesha kuwa, pamoja na kutumika, viakifishi hivyo havitumiki kwa usahihi. Kwa hiyo, makosa ya kuandika sentensi bebanifu, sentensi tata na vipande sentensi hutokea. Makala yanapendekeza Nadharia Tumizi ya Uakifishaji kuzingatiwa wakati wa kuandika ili kuandika matini zinazoeleweka kwa wasomaji.

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