Social Sciences

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Community participation and accountability in development management of water programs in local government authorities in Tanzania: a case study of Kilolo and Kongwa districts
(The University of Dodoma, 2018) Kavina, Alexander
This thesis sought to examine the dynamics of community participation and accountability in Tanzania and its effect on the development management of water programs in local government authorities in Tanzania with special focus on water programs in the two districts of Kilolo and Kongwa. The study is based on the premise that community participation and accountability in development are equally important as they enhances the quality and relevance of development processes and their outcomes and therefore, an important ingredient for achieving sustainable development of local government water programs. The study employed a mixed approach, comprising qualitative and quantitative research with the qualitative paradigm being dominant. The study was undertaken under phenomenological research design that sought to illuminate the specific, to identify phenomenon and collect deep information and perception of people on participation and accountability in the development management of water programs. The evidence obtained indicates that community participation in water program management offers meaningful and potential outcomes between community members and local governments in terms of improved management of water programs and water service delivery. The study also observed that the local government authorities attempted little to organize community participation and responsiveness to local needs, particularly in decision-making, thus making community participation limited on problem identification and implementation. Also the study observed that institutions for accountability are already in place, but their influence seems to have little effects on the development management of water programs. The study recommends more capacity building to help communities to participate in water governance, enhancing more partnership between the local governments and private sectors in water governance, promoting water harvesting technology by creating awareness and training to water stakeholders and more importantly, communities to include rain water harvesting in their development plans as one of the strategies for improving water sources at village levels. There are reasons to believe that given the opportunity to continue institutionalize local government over a long period, and as with the ongoing reforms in the local government gradually will bring about better results as far as community participation and accountability in water governance is concerned.
The contribution of decentralization to community participation in secondary school education Kibaha district
(The University of Dodoma, 2017) Mgalla, Hassan
This study was conducted at Kibaha District in Coast Region. The objective of the study was to make an assessment of the contribution of decentralization on community participation in secondary education in Kibaha district in Coast region using quantitative and qualitative methodology. The specific objectives included providing an overview of decentralization and community participation initiatives in Kibaha district in the wards of Tumbi, Mailimoja and Mkuza, to assess the contribution of decentralization on community participation in school in Kibaha District, to explore the effectiveness of decentralization measures on community participation in construction of secondary schools at ward level in Kibaha district and finally to explore challenges facing the decentralization process in enhancing community participation in secondary education. A total number of 73 respondents were involved in the study. The methods used in data collection were interview, questionnaires and documentary review. The findings of the study revealed that there is a lack of community participation from the local residents of the area where decision and management of the schools are mainly done by the school management. Field results further indicated that most of the community members are not even aware of the things, which are happening in the school. The study, therefore, recommends that the community should be more actively involved in the management of the school for decentralization to be fully effective.
Decentralization, local governance and path dependency theory
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2019) Kessy, Ambrose T.
Tanzania has embarked on several radical measures to restructure its economy and governance structures, including local governments. For more than four decades, Tanzania has been striving relentlessly for effective decentralisation measures, yet the progress has been slow. The country has passed through several phases of decentralisation, with each phase inheriting some criticised characteristics that have been difficult to dismantle in the successive phases. For example, previously recognised mistakes have continued to block any attempts to diverge from the direction set by the Ujamaa policies. It is argued here that various attempts at decentralisation by the central government since the 1960s in Tanzania have fallen short of the government’s intentions to establish effective local governance. This being the case, two important questions prevail: Why has Tanzania made little progress towards effective decentralisation, despite various attempts to devolve powers from the centre? Why has Tanzania not fully decentralised, as echoed in the policy paper on Decentralisation-by-Devolution (D-by-D)? There have been a number of explanations for this retardation along the path to decentralisation. This article reflects upon the tenability of path dependency theory which posits that the longer an institution has been in place, the more resilient it is to change.
The demand and supply sides of accountability in local government authorities in Tanzania
(Tylor & Francis, 2020) Kessy, Ambrose T.
Accountability and transparency have been on the top of lists of the agenda about local governance. Unfortunately, a significant number of studies have tended to view accountability through the traditional model of public administration (supply side of accountability) at the expense of the demand side of accountability. Based on the experience with decentralization in Tanzania for the past four decades, this article argues that both the demand and supply sides are important for effective service delivery by local governments. In this arrangement, the fundamental principle of democracy is attained when citizens have the right to demand accountability and public officials are held accountable. The demand side, which is bottom up driven by non–state actors, or the supply side, which encompasses legal and fiscal governmental checks and balances may lead to effective local good governance. This article is based on these assumptions and therefore attempts to discuss the main avenues and challenges for exercising effective supply and demand sides of accountability in local governments in Tanzania. The study seeks to answer the question of how the demand and supply sides of accountability have been implemented in Tanzania, regarding local governments.
Factors influencing community participation in the decentralized planning and budgeting in Tanzania
(The University of Dodoma, 2015) Sanga, Lilian
This is a study about an assessment of the factors influencing community participation in the decentralized planning and budgeting. Specifically, this study intended to examine the nature of planning and budgeting process, identify factors influencing community participation, and explore challenges for effective community participation in planning and budgeting process. A sample of 98 respondents was selected from a population of 9000 inhabitants for the study through stratified sampling procedure. Both random and purposeful sampling procedures were used to draw a sample of 98 respondents. Questionnaires, interview and focus group discussion methods were employed for data collection. SPSS was employed for data analysis in which results were presented, discussed and conclusion drawn. The study revealed that, the community had knowledge on participatory planning and budgeting. NGOs were not involved in planning and budgeting process. Furthermore, citizens were neither involved in the planning and budgeting formulation process nor participated in the approval of the plans and budget. Political decentralization was the factor influencing community participation in planning and budgeting. Lack of capacity among stakeholders and lack of elected district citizen executive officers were the existing challenges in enhancing community participation in planning and budgeting. The study recommended that the government should ensure that the mechanisms used to nominate members in the planning and budgeting process must be chosen based on their ability to reach all stakeholders and collect their needs and priorities. Furthermore, NGOs and CSOs should be involved in sensitizing and empowering local people to effectively participate in the planning and allocation of resources through the budgeting process.
Social accountability to public social service delivery in Tanzania: the case of health sector in Chamwino district
(The University of Dodoma, 2017) Msittu, Richard Edward
The study analyzes the contribution of social accountability to public social service delivery: the case of the health sector in Chamwino District. The rationale of the study was drawn in the puzzle between the realization of human rights and capabilities. Although accessibility and satisfaction of needs depend on a number of variables, citizens’ capabilities to demand and monitor accountability is central to all. To address this, the study embarked on three objectives: to examine the role of social accountability in the health sector at Chamwino district, to assess the level of the health service users’ participation on the social accountability in public health service delivery and to explore the factors influencing social accountability to health service users. A cross-sectional design was employed with 115 respondents taken as a sample using different tools such as questionnaires, interview, and observation guide. The data were analyzed using content analysis and descriptive statistical analysis through inferential statistics of cross-tabulation, regression and Chi-Square. The chi-square analysis on different tests of the findings in the study has revealed that there is a significant relationship between social accountability and public health service delivery, and thus making it the most crucial determinant of health sector performance at primary health facility levels. The theoretical and practicability values of the study make its results authentic to scholars, government, private sectors and citizens in understanding the existing relationship between social accountability and public social service delivery. This understanding can promote citizens’ participation, accountability and transparency.
Socio-cultural environment influencing open performance review and appraisal system (opras) in public institutions in Tanzania: a case study of water supply and sanitation authority in Dodoma municipality
(The University of Dodoma, 2014) Sanga, Salome
The study was conducted at Dodoma Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority which is located in Dodoma Region. The study attempts to examine the influence of sociocultural environment on OPRAS, a case study of DUWASA. A sample of 70 plus 9 key informants were included in the study which implicated both management staff and the floor workers from each department. Questionnaire, interviews and documentation were used to collect data. Questionnaires were given to ordinary employees while the departmental heads were supplied with interview questions in addition to questionnaire in order to obtain detailed information on key matters. Collected data were quantified, tabulated, summarized in tables and then were analyzed by means of statistical techniques. The scientific Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 16 was used in analyzing the data. The study reveals that, socio-cultural environment deplorable positive impacts on OPRAS including equality, increase morale to work, improve service delivery and improve the performance of the organization. Also the study revealed that there are some elements of favoritism, ethnic identities, religious and gender biasness which hinder implementation of OPRAS at DUWASA. Therefore despite of impressive results OPPRAS implementation is hindered by socio-cultural factors. It is then recommended that the government should consider socio-cultural environment when designing or adopting any performance assessment tools. Managers and employees should conform to acceptable social values, they must obey code of conduct that includes integrity, regard for others, keeping commitments, accountability and transparent.
Tales of accountability: a Q-method study of discourses amongst Tanzanian members of parliament
(Cambridge University Press, 2017) Katomero, Jesper; Hoppe, Robert; Wesselink, Anna
The hallmark of accountability in a democracy centres on the way the elected parliament holds the executive to account. If the parliament does not perform its oversight role effectively, lower authorities would have fewer incentives to do the same vis-à-vis local executives. In this article we therefore ask whether or not different meanings of accountability can be discerned amongst Tanzanian Members of Parliament (MPs). In our Q-method research we found four clearly identifiable discourses on accountability amongst Tanzanian MPs: Partycrats; My Electorate's Advocates; Frustrated Account Holders; and Pragmatic Account Holders. We understand MPs discourses within the broader context of political clientelism and we argue that this combination of discourses, or accountability culture, enables the executive to rule in semi-autocratic ways. Even if opposition parties would obtain a parliamentary majority, this accountability culture stands in the way of achieving greater democratic responsiveness.
Transparency in local government finance and service delivery: The case of Mwanza City and Moshi District Councils in Tanzania
(University of Zululand, 2020) Kessy, Ambrose T.
Transparency is an essential tool of local governance which enables the local citizens to hold local institutions accountable for their performance, to foster trust in government, minimize corruption and improve local service delivery. Accountability and transparency have been on the top of agendas in all the local government reforms in Tanzania. For transparency to work properly, it needs effective structures of implementation. Within the local government system in Tanzania, the structures of transparency are present but appear to be not working as they should do. This paper seeks to assess the extent to which the problems of transparency have persisted under the new phase of local government reforms and how they are likely to impact on local service delivery in Tanzania. The purpose of this study was, therefore, to examine the extent to which fiscal transparency in local governments in Tanzania is practised and how this has played a greater role in service delivery. The study used a case study of purposively selected local councils in Tanzania to examine the dynamics of fiscal transparency and service delivery. The findings show that there is little flow of information from higher levels of local governments to the lower levels in relation to resources available and results achieved. The information received from the councils is sometimes opaque or fuzzy in the sense that it does not reveal all about what their leaders do or what important decisions have been made about their councils. The study concludes that the importance of accountability and transparency attached to service delivery in any country is essential for good practice in local governance. Hence, instruments for accountability and transparency at the local levels must be enhanced to enable public institutions and public officials to be responsive to the citizens.

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