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Browsing Book by Subject "Stability"

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    Evaluation of rock stability challenges affecting the formation of sustainable pit lake towards mine closure following crown pillar extraction in open pit-underground mines
    (Elsevier BV, 2024) Massawe,Victor A.; Bahtiyar Unver
    The extraction of high-grade ore from the crown pillar (CP) in open pit-underground mines poses stability challenges and potential environmental risks. While an open pit has the potential to transition into a pit lake, the extraction of CP can induce failure in the surrounding walls, preventing the formation of the lake. There is also a concern that the backfilling material may not effectively confine toxic water within the pit, thereby risking contamination of the underground environment. To address these issues, a case study was conducted using FLAC3D and 3DEC models to evaluate the extent of failure caused by CP extraction. On-site observation, along with modelling, has revealed rock damage, including deformation stretching about 4 m from the pit wall and extending vertically from the pit floor to the ramp. The study identified three primary factors leading to pit wall failure or damage: steep pit slopes reaching approximately 70° near the pit floor, an underestimated CP thickness by about 4 m, and the concurrent extraction of ore from the pit wall alongside CP. Based on these findings, rehabilitation measures are suggested, including excavation of the deformed wall and cantilever, as well as partial pit backfilling. There is a substantial increase in the volume of backfill material as the extent of failure increases, which raise concerns about the decision-making process regarding CP extraction. Therefore, this article aims to raise environmental awareness and evaluate whether the benefits of ore extraction outweigh the considerations for pit wall support and the rehabilitation efforts during mine closure.