Investigations of Dodoma municipal hard water: (Part 1): Review of hard water treatment processes and identification of contaminants
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Date
2014
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Publisher
Open Science
Abstract
In this work, a preliminary investigation of the quality of Dodoma municipal water as well as a review of potential methods
for removing hardness from this water were undertaken. The water quality parameters such as pH, titratible residue, total
hardness, carbonate hardness, calcium, magnesium, fluoride, nitrate, sulphate and iron ions were measured using standard
procedures. The results were compared with allowable levels for drinking water. It was observed that the calcium ions
spanned the range 105 -217 mg/L which is greater than the allowable range of 50-100 mg/L. The magnesium ions spanned
the range of 31-217 mg/L which is lower than the permissible level of 500-1000 mg/L. The other parameters studied were
observed to be within the permissible levels. It was concluded that the hardness of this water was due to calcium ions/salts
which are introduced by underground rocks containing limestone and dolomite. The review of methods that can be used to
remove this hardness suggested that grape and Moringa seeds and powder can be used as they are potential adsorbents and
that they are easily available in Dodoma. These materials will therefore be amenable for investigation of removal of
unwanted salts in part II of this work.
Description
Full Text Article. Also available at: http://www.openscienceonline.com/journal/ijemp
Keywords
Dodoma municipality, Hard water, Water contaminants, Water treatment processes, Water quality, Water hardness
Citation
Hiji, M. F., & Ntalikwa, J. W. (2014). Investigations of Dodoma municipal hard water:(Part 1): Review of hard water treatment processes and identification of contaminants. Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Protection, 1, 56.