(World Council for Curriculum and Instruction, 2020) Deogratias, Emmanuel
This paper starts by addressing a complexity theory and then distinguishing complex systems from complicated systems. After that, the paper addresses a concept study by connecting it with complex systems because a class is considered as a complex system having many students with different constraints, experiences, and perspectives including learning abilities, genders, and understandings. This connection may explain the need for these structures in mathematics education for individual and collective understandings