Browsing by Author "Enock Makupa"

Now showing 1 - 4 of 4
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    Effect of Climate Change on Crop Production in Rwanda
    (Science Publishing Group, 2015) John Kayumba; Kseniia Mikova; Enock Makupa
    For Africa’s developing countries the agricultural system is among the most vulnerable due to extensive use of rainfed crop production, presence of droughts and floods that affect crops as well as initial poverty of population that limits the capacity to adapt. In this study were realized the analysis of long-term rainfall data and its impact on main crop products in Rwanda. Some rainfall data was infilled for the period of 1926-2013. It was done using the monitoring data of a neighbor weather station with relatively the same elevation above sea level and with a monitoring record of no less than 40 years. The neighboring station with the best correlation was selected for the infilling. The missing rainfall data was infilled for all the stations with resulting regression coefficients ranging from 0.55 to 0.80. This indicates the acceptability of the performed regression. Also were constructed different-cumulative curves of rainfall and sort out cycles of decline and increment of rainfall. Similar different-cumulative curves were constructed for main crops in Rwanda. Correlation and regression analysis were used to determine the relationship between rainfall, arable land expansion, fertilizer use and crop yield. Particularly for Rwandan conditions, the rainfall variations are determinant for the crop yield increment. The intensification of extreme flood’s and, as rule, flooding of agricultural lands in connection with rainfall augmentation was also allocated.
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    Inequalities in the production and dissemination of biodiversity conservation knowledge on Tanzania: A 50-year bibliometric analysis
    (Elsevier BV, 2023-03) Mathew Bukhi Mabele; Ng'winamila Kasongi; Happiness Nnko; Iddi Mwanyoka; Wilhelm Andrew Kiwango; Enock Makupa
    Tanzania is a popular keyword in biodiversity conservation publications, but, trends in research collaborations, scientific knowledge production and authors’ productivity remain underexplored. Using the Web of Science database and bibliometric analysis techniques, we fill this gap by examining the trends between 1972 and 2021. The database search produced 1517 records. We filtered the data using document types and subject categories as criteria. We used bibliometrix package in R software to analyse 1354 peer-reviewed publications. Through performance analysis, science mapping and network analysis, journal publications, author and institutional productivity, disciplinary focus, funding agencies and network of authorship and institutional collaborations are identified. Whereas African Journal of Ecology, PLoS One and Biological Conservation top the scientific production list, Biological Conservation, Conservation Biology and Oryx top the citation list. Major research inequalities are revealed where, European and North American centricity dominates in author productivity (number of papers, total citations and h-index), author collaborations networks and research funding agencies. Out of the top 20 highly cited papers, eleven had no Tanzanian author. The list had only two papers with Tanzanians as first authors. We observed a proliferation of international researchers and decreased productivity of local researchers in the last 30 years. Organisations from Europe and North America provided much of the research funding in Tanzania. This is possibly one of the first attempts to illustrate empirically how production and dissemination of conservation knowledge are entrenched in unequal structures at a country level. We thus contribute to the burgeoning literature on decolonisation of conservation research, by proposing five practical areas to dismantle the unequal system of knowledge production.
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    Relationships matter: assessing the impacts of a marine protected area on human wellbeing and relational values in Southern Tanzania
    (Frontiers Media SA, 2021-06-17) Dana Baker; Grant Murray; Jackson Kaijage; Arielle Levine; David Gill; Enock Makupa
    The push to meet global marine conservation targets has significantly increased the scope and scale of marine protected areas (MPAs) worldwide. While the benefits derived from MPA establishment are often optimistically framed as a “win-win” for both marine biodiversity and for the wellbeing of coastal peoples, this assumption is challenged for several reasons, including the fact that current science and practice frequently fails to account for the full impact of MPAs on human wellbeing. This context poses a danger that the context specific, place based aspects of wellbeing, like relations to others and the marine environment, will not be accounted for, examined, or reported in evaluation and decision-making processes. To address this challenge, this research investigates how MPA implementation can change and challenge the relational wellbeing and relational values of small-scale fishers (SSFs) living in Mnazi Bay-Ruvuma Estuary Marine Park, Tanzania. Fieldwork occurred over 2019–2020 and used qualitative data collection methods, including: 140 semi-structured interviews, document analysis, and observation. Results highlight a dynamic interaction between the MPA and SSFs relational wellbeing, including how relational values inform everyday fishing practices, cultural and place identities, as well as interactions with others and connections to the marine environment. Top-down approaches used in MPA development worked against key relational values, including social cohesion, reciprocity, place, agency and self-determination to dismantle and disrupt the practices SSFs viewed as fundamental to their livelihood and collective wellbeing. Our findings serve as a starting point to better recognize the context specific factors that underlie relational wellbeing and give insight into how relational values shape social-ecological complexity within coastal communities. The paper highlights how the international marine conservation community can better account for and foster relational wellbeing and relational values to achieve the goals of both human wellbeing and marine biodiversity conservation.
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    Using analysis of governance to unpack community-based conservation: a case study from Tanzania
    (Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2015-07-02) Lance W. Robinson; Enock Makupa
    Community-based conservation policies and programs are often hollow with little real devolution. But to pass a judgment of community-based or not community-based on such initiatives and programs obscures what is actually a suite of attributes. In this paper, we analyze governance around a specific case of what is nominally community-based conservation—Ikona Wildlife Management Area (WMA) in Tanzania—using two complementary sets of criteria. The first relates to governance “powers”: planning powers, regulatory powers, spending powers, revenue-generating powers, and the power to enter into agreements. The second set of criteria derive from the understanding of governance as a set of social functions: social coordination, shaping power, setting direction, and building community. The analysis helps to detail ways in which the Tanzanian state through policy and regulations has constrained the potential for Ikona WMA to empower communities and community actors. Although it has some features of community-based conservation, community input into how the governance social functions would be carried out in the WMA was constrained from the start and is now largely out of community hands. The two governance powers that have any significant community-based flavor—spending powers and revenue-generating powers—relate to the WMA’s tourism activities, but even here the picture is equivocal at best. The unpacking of governance that we have done, however, reveals that community empowerment through the processes associated with creating and recognizing indigenous and community-conserved areas is something that can be pursued through multiple channels, some of which might be more strategic than others.