Browsing by Author "Lutengano Mwinuka"
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Item Determinants of health insurance services provision: lessons from Accredited Drugs Dispensing Outlets (ADDOs). Journal of Global Health Science(XMLink, 2022) Gallen P. Mlenge; Lutengano MwinukaBackground: Healthcare as a social service has growing demand by the majority of citizens including employees from all sectors and informal sector workers. A health insurance scheme is vital. The participation of the non-state actors in delivering health services is inevitable to address inefficiencies associated with accessibility, convenience and financing mechanisms. This paper assesses the socioeconomic factors affecting the response of the non-state entity—Accredited Drugs Dispensing Outlets (ADDOs) in providing the healthcare services to the National Health Insurance Fund (NHIF) members. Lessons were derived from the led district, Kilombero, in Tanzania. Methods: A multi-stage sampling technique was employed in the study for selecting location and respondents. A sample of 141 ADDOs was used to represent those providing NHIF services and those who were not. A Likert scale and logistic regression model were used to examine the attitude and the odds ratio of a non-state actor to provide NHIF services, respectively. Results: The results on overall attitude revealed that NHIF should use market prices to reimburse ADDOs without delays. Capital size at P < 0.05 was a strong predictor of ADDOs providing good health insurance services. Moreover, ADDOs owners’ level of education and their business location were not good predictors of ADDOs to provide required health insurance services at P > 0.05. Conclusion: The non-state actor through ADDOs has the potentials to improve health service provision in the country. This is possible through improvement in information sharing regarding NHIF service provision, availability of grants for business capital expansions, review of laws, rules and regulations that govern the operations of NHIF and ADDOs. Informal sector workers can also be part of beneficiaries to acquire health insurance services through ADDOsItem Impact of smallholder farmer horizontal and vertical linkages on ac-cess to prime markets and household welfare in sub-Saharan Africa: the case of Tanzania(2015) Raoul Herrmann; Ephraim Nkonya; Anja Faße; Claude Maeda; Khamaldin Mutabazi; Lutengano MwinukaAgricultural development policies and investments in sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries have largely focused on crop and livestock production (Almond and Hainsworth 2005). Only about 6% of full-time equivalent researchers are socio-economists (ASTI raw data). Additionally, in a study of five SSA countries, Benin and Yu (2012) observed that total expenditure on marketing, feeder roads and regulation as percent of total public agricultural expenditure (PAE) was lower than 32%. This clearly shows the production orientation of PAE and apparent neglect of market development, which is key to increasing farmer incentives for land investments (Barrett et al 2010; Barrett 2008). Moreover, Schmidhuber and Bruinsma (2011) estimated that to achieve food security by 2025, 37% of the additional US$50.2 billion investments required will be for developing rural infrastructure and market access. Past experience has shown that investment in smallholder farmer production that is not supported by strategies to enhance access to markets does not lead to long-term adoption of improved agricultural practices. For example, work in Ethiopia, Tanzania, Zambia and elsewhere to push hybrid maize and inorganic fertilizer through on-farm demonstrations by organizations like Sasakawa Global 2000 (SG2000) led to significant productivity growth and almost 100% adoption by participating farmers. One of the important attributes of SG2000 that led to the large impact on adoption rate was its in-kind input loan. Access to credit and marketing services was required for adoption of expensive external input by smallholder farmers. However, beneficiaries of SG2000 program reverted back to the old practices of using unimproved maize seeds and non-application of fertilizer after the project ended (Stepanek et al 1999). In Ethiopia, for example, the government adopted SG2000 in its national extension program (NEP) that targeted 3.6 million farmers (out of a total of 10 million rural households) to use the SG2000 model by 1998 (ibid). The resulting high adoption of improved maize seed and inorganic fertilizer, however, resulted in a production glut that pushed maize prices to a level that rendered unprofitable use of purchased maize seeds and fertilizer. This experience has resulted into renewed attention to the value chain 4 approach in support of the agricultural sector and a new surge of public support with accompanying measures for infrastructure development (World Bank, 2007).1 Developing horizontal and vertical linkages is often argued to be an effective organizational innovation in FVCs to overcome constraints for small-scale producers and traders to participate in high value markets (e.g. Biénabe, & Sautier, 2005; Kaganzi et al 2009). Horizontal linkages is a long-term cooperative social capital formed to accomplish common goals among farmers or agricultural traders/processors with beneficial interdependence, trust and resource pooling (USAID 2015; Berkes, 2002; Trienekens, 2011 and Faida, 2006). Vertical linkage is a social capital across non-competing actors – i.e. actors at different levels of the value chain (Ibid). For example, cooperation of producers (farmers) with processors is a vertical linkage since the two are not competing and are at different levels along the value chain. Using Tanzania as case study, we analyze the impacts of horizontal and vertical linkages in food value chains (FVCs) (specifically among smallholder farmers and traders) on market access, household welfare assess the drivers of participation in horizontal and vertical linkages by producers and traders. The study contributes to the literature since very few past studies on horizontal and vertical linkages have analyzed their impacts on income and food security. Additionally, the present research contributes to analysis of the impact of social capital and other group characteristics on the marketing performance of lower-tier organizations such as producer groups, an aspect which has not yet received significant attention in past studies. We use econometric approaches to analyze the drivers of the horizontal and vertical linkages. In addition, qualitative interviews were conducted in the sunflower value chain, which is used as a case study on horizontal and vertical linkages in Tanzania. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. The next section lays out the conceptual framework for addressing constraints that inhibit smallholder farmer access to prime markets. This is followed by a review of agricultural marketing policies related to horizontal and vertical linkages. The data and methods and quantitative results are discussed in the fourth section. Section 5 presents the sunflower case study. Finally, conclusions and policy implications are drawn based on the empirical evidence and institutional and policy analysis.Item Profitability of Gliricidia-maize system in selected dryland areas of Dodoma region, Tanzania(MDPI AG, 2021) Martha Swamila; Damas Philip; Adam Meshack Akyoo; Julius Manda; Lutengano Mwinuka; Philip J. Smethurst; Stefan Sieber; Anthony Anderson KimaroDeclining soil fertility and climatic extremes are among major problems for agricultural production in most dryland agro-ecologies of sub-Saharan Africa. In response, the agroforestry technology intercropping of Gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.)) and Maize (Zea mays L.) was developed to complement conventional soil fertility management technologies. However, diversified information on the profitability of Gliricidia-Maize intercropping system in dryland areas is scanty. Using data from the Gliricidia and maize models of the Next Generation version of the Agriculture Production Systems sIMulator (APSIM), this study estimates the profitability of the Gliricidia-Maize system relative to an unfertilized sole maize system. Results show significant heterogeneity in profitability indicators both in absolute and relative economic terms. Aggregated over a 20-year cycle, Gliricidia-Maize intercropping exhibited a higher Net Present Value (NPV = Tsh 19,238,798.43) and Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR = 4.27) than the unfertilized sole maize system. The NPV and BCR of the latter were Tsh 10,934,669.90 and 3.59, respectively. Moreover, the returns to labour per person day in the Gliricidia-Maize system was 1.5 times those of the unfertilized sole maize system. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the profitability of the Gliricidia-Maize system is more negatively affected by the decrease in output prices than the increase in input prices. A 30% decrease in the former leads to a decrease in NPV and BCR by 38% and 30%, respectively. Despite the higher initial costs of the agroforestry establishment, the 30% increase in input prices affects more disproportionally unfertilized sole maize than the Gliricidia-Maize system in absolute economic terms, i.e., 11.1% versus 8.8% decrease in NPV. In relative economic terms, an equal magnitude of change in input prices exerts the same effect on the unfertilized sole maize and the Gliricidia-maize systems. This result implies that the monetary benefits accrued after the first year of agroforestry establishment offset the initial investment costs. The Gliricidia-Maize intercropping technology therefore is profitable with time, and it can contribute to increased household income and food security. Helping farmers to overcome initial investment costs and manage agroforestry technologies well to generate additional benefits is critical for the successful scaling of the Gliricidia-Maize intercropping technology in dryland areas of Dodoma, Tanzania.