Browsing by Author "Makangara, J. J."

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    Chemical profiling of Cannabis sativa from eleven Tanzanian regions
    (Elsevier, 2023) Mhando, H. B.; Sahini, M. G.; Makangara, J. J.
    The aim of this research was to investigate the chemical profiles of Cannabis sativa from 11 Tanzanian regions using preliminary tests as well as instrumental analyses with GC-MS and LCMS. Generally, all the seized samples tested positive for the presence of (Δ9-THC. The preliminary test with Duquenois method followed by chloroform addition revealed the presence of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) in all the samples. GC-MS analyses of the samples revealed the presence of nine cannabinoids including Δ9-THC, Δ8-THC, cannabidivarol, cannabidiol, Δ9-tetrahydro cannabivarin (Δ9-THCV), cannabichromene, cannabinol, caryophyllene, and cannabicouramaronone, whereas LC-MS chemical profiling revealed the presence 24 chemical substances, including 4 cannabinoids, 15 different types of drugs and 5 amino acids. The Pwani region had the highest percentage composition of Δ9-THC (13.45%), the main psychoactive ingredient of Cannabis sativa, followed by Arusha (10.92%) and Singida (10.08%). The sample from Kilimanjaro had the lowest percentage of Δ9-THC (6.72%). Apart from cannabinoids, the majority of other chemical substances were found in the Dar es Salaam region sample, which could be attributed to the fact that the city is the epicenter of business rather than the cultivation area, implying that the samples were obtained from different sources and blended as a single package.
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    Galinsoga parviflora (Cav.): A comprehensive review on ethnomedicinal, phytochemical and pharmacological studies
    (Elsevier, 2023) Ripanda, A.; Luanda, A.; Sule, K. S.; Mtabazi, G. S.; Makangara, J. J.
    Galinsoga parviflora (Cav.) is a member of the Asteraceae family traditionally used for treatment of various ailments such as malaria, flu, cold, colorectal cancer, liver problems and inflammation. The medicinal properties of G. parviflora are due to the presence of various secondary metabolites including flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids and tannins. The literature survey revealed that G. parviflora possesses several pharmacological properties such as antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant and antidiabetic. This review systematically discusses the potential of G. parviflora for managing medical conditions. The information is collected from various online databases such as Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Springer, Web of Science, Plant of the World Online and PubMed. Among other information provided in this review, ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities are discussed extensively. Additonally, the potential benefits, challenges and future opportunities are presented.
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    Senna singueana (Delile) lock: Ethnomedicinal uses and medicinal properties
    (Elsevier, 2023) Ripanda, A.; Luanda, A.; Mtabazi, G. S.; Makangara, J. J.
    Senna singueana (Delile) Lock is a potential medicinal plant commonly used to mitigate various infectious and non-infectious diseases including malaria, typhoid, gonorrhoea, bilharzia, cancer, epilepsy and ulcer. The phytochemical profile of S. singueana indicates the presence of different phytoconstituents corresponding to the pharmacological properties. The pharmacological potentials such as antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, antimalarial and antidiabetics are possessed by S. singueana. This review comprehensively discusses the potential of S. singueana for the mitigation of medical conditions. The information is collected from various online databases such as Google scholar, ScienceDirect, Springer, Web of Science and PubMed. Among other information, ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and mechanisms of action are extensively presented. A review concluded by highlighting the challenges and potential future outlooks.
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    Trends in illicit drugs based on the analysis of seizures from the Tanzania mainland drugs market
    (Elsevier, 2021) Makangara, J. J.; Mulima, E. Z.
    This study aimed at investigating the pattern of confiscated illegal drugs in the Tanzania mainland drug market from 2011 to 2016. The samples used in this study were seized by the police force and other law enforcement agents and were analysed at the overnment Chemist Laboratory Authority, GCLA. A total of 90,366 samples weighing 17961.5 Kg were seized and analysed during the six years, an average of 15,061 samples corresponding to 2993.6 Kg per year. The overall results indicated cannabis to be the leading drug in terms of number of cases, number of samples and weights with 51.02%, 60.50% and 56.90%, respectively, but from 2011 to 2015 heroin had the highest percentage of both number of cases and samples by 58.46% and 55.91% of all seizures, respectively followed by cannabis. In terms of weight, heroin accounted for 67.55% and 26.32% in 2011 and 2012, respectively, whereas, the rest of the years’ percentage weights were between 0.50 and 6.00% of the total seizures. The trend indicated a steady decrease in heroin seizures over the six years and an increased cannabis seizure. In 2016 cannabis was 78.28% and 80.89% of the total number of cases and samples, respectively. The results also indicated the decrease of cocaine cases and a significant increase in the amount khat. The year 2016 recorded the highest number of cases and number of samples with a total of 1212 and 48,440, respectively, which resulted from the increase in cannabis seizures by 72.28% and 80.89% of the total number of cases and samples, respectively, as compared to 2015. The second and third highest years were 2013 and 2014, respectively. The least was 2011 with 3493 samples. The trend also indicated heroin seizures were highest in 2011 (62.04%), 2014 (75.31%) and 2015 (79.26%) whereas cocaine seizures kept on decreasing gradually from 31.12% in 2011 to 0.05% in 2016. Khat (Catha edulis) had the highest weight in 2014 and 2016 and ranked second after cannabis with 43.63% of the total weight during 2011–2016 period. Benzodiazepines and amphetamine type stimulants (ATS) accounted the least in terms of number of cases and number of samples.