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Browsing by Author "Mwinuka, Lutengano"

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Agri-food value chains upgrading strategies choices: A participatory smallholder farmer centred approach
(Trans-SEC, 2015) Mwinuka, Lutengano; Mutabazi, Khamaldin Daud; Graef, Frieder; Maeda, Claude; Makoko, Bashir; Swai, Elirehema
Participatory situation analysis of existing food value chains (FVCs) has been done by screening and identifying most important commodity FVCs in the target Case Study Sites (CSS). This helps identifying constraints and potential food securing upgrading strategies, and linking food insecure households to the market. The upgrading strategies selected would then be adapted to the local needs of food insecure households for sustainably improve their livelihoods.
Analysis of incentives and disincentives for cotton in the United Republic of Tanzania
(FAO, 2013) Mwinuka, Lutengano; Maro, F.
This technical note isaproduct of the Monitoring African Food and Agricultural Policies project (MAFAP).It is a technical document intended primarily for internal use as background for the eventual MAFAP Country Report. This technical note may be updated as new data becomes available. MAFAP is implemented by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in collaboration with the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and national partners in participating countries. It is financially supported by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), and FAO.The analysis presented in this document is the result of the partnerships established in the context of theMAFAP project with governments of participating countries and a variety of national institutions.
Assessment of upgrading strategies to improve regional food systems in Tanzania: Food processing, waste management and bioenergy, and income generation
(SAGE, 2015) Graef, F.; Schneider, I.; Fasse, A.; Germer, J.U.; Gevorgyan, E.; Haule, F.; Hoffmann, H.; Kahimba, F.C.; Kashaga, L.; Kissoly, L.; Lambert, C.; Lana, M.; Mahoo, H.F.; Makoko, B.; Mbaga, S. H.; Mmbughu, A.; Mkangwa, S.; Mrosso, L.; Mutabazi, K.D.; Mwinuka, Lutengano; Ngazi, H.; Nkonya, E.; Said, S.; Schaffert, A.; Schäfer, M.P.; Sieber, S.; Swamila, M.; Welp, H.M.; William, L.; Yustas, Y.M.
Food security is one of the main goals of rural poor people. To enhance food security in this context, participatory action research can help to ensure sustained success while considering entire food value chains (FVC). This paper assesses the feasibility and potential success of upgrading strategies (UPS) as well as their assessment criteria as developed by German and Tanzanian agricultural scientists. The results form part of a larger participatory research project conducted in two climatically representative regions of Tanzania: semi-arid Dodoma and subhumid Morogoro. This paper presents the findings with respect to food processing, waste management and bioenergy, along with income generation and market participation. Assessments on other components of the FVC, including natural resource management, crop production and consumption, are reported by Graef et al (2015). The assessments for food processing revealed preferences for preservation techniques, oil extraction processes and food storage devices for the semi-arid region. In contrast, in the subhumid region, the experts favoured food storage devices and preservation techniques. Assessments of waste management and bioenergy UPS for both regions indicated the importance of animal feed from crop residues, crop residues as mulch and compost from food waste, although with somewhat different priorities. Assessments on income generation and markets in both regions revealed preferences for savings and credit cooperatives and communication techniques, but also indicated that warehouse receipt systems and guarantee systems had a high impact. Assessments differed between the two different climatic regions, and to some extent also between the nationality of experts and their gender. The authors therefore attach importance to integrating different South–North and female–male awareness in assessments among scientists. Moreover, local and/or regional stakeholders and experts should be involved in developing site-adapted UPS for enhancing FVCs.
Capacity strengthening strategy through capacity needs assessment for country level Strategic Analysis and Knowledge Support System (SAKSS): Tanzania
(IFPRI, 2014) Mwinuka, Lutengano
The overall purpose of this study is to develop a country‐specific capacity‐strengthening strategy to meet the strategic analysis and knowledge management objectives of the country CAADP process. The specific objective is to identify areas for improving the quality and utility of agricultural policy analysis and investment planning and implementation, M&E, and knowledge management at the country level. The study’s findings will be useful in designing and establishing the country SAKSS. Targeted respondents for the study included government ministries and agencies, local organizations involved in agricultural and food policy research, local and international nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and institutions of learning and research.
Determinants and performance of sugar export in Tanzania
(Science and Education Publishing, 2015) Mwinuka, Lutengano; Mlay, Felix
Tanzania ministries as well as sugar board of Tanzania are not aware of recent sugar markets trends. This study attempts to examine performance of Tanzania sugar exports and estimate sugar exports supply function for 1977-2013 periods. To estimate annual growth rates for quantities of sugar produced, consumed, imported and exported, geometric average was used by means of detailed data from country statistics through NBS, FAO and ITC computations. Multivariate regression model was used to estimate supply function. The results of the estimation revealed that, for the period of 35 years, annual growth rates of Tanzania sugar production and consumption was 3% and 7% respectively. Since, domestic factories was less than 60% productive efficient, indicating that there remains considerable scope to increase production hence exports by improving technical and allocative efficiency of existing idle resources. Thus, sugar export price has positive significant relationship while consumer price index has negative relationship with sugar exports supply. Quantity of domestic product of sugar, exchange rate and GDP are not statistically significant in explaining their impact on sugar exports supply. Moreover, Tanzania is a net exporter of molasses which is extracted or refined from sugar and is a net importer of sugar confectionery by-product. Thus, these are major sugar by-products which have significant economic implications to sugar industry stakeholders, whereby, the country is losing from sugar confectionery and gaining significantly from molasses. It is recommended that, production of sugar should increase significantly so as to satisfy both domestic and regional/foreign markets.
An economic risk analysis of fertiliser microdosing and rainwater harvesting in a semi-arid farming system in Tanzania
(Taylor & Francis, 2017) Mwinuka, Lutengano; Mutabazi, Khamaldin Daud; Sieber, Stefan; Makindara, Jeremia; Bizimana, Jean-Claude
This paper attempts to relate farm-level technologies in a semi-arid area with economic viability, taking risk analysis into consideration. Data gathered from various sources, such as a household baseline survey, farm trials, agricultural experts and government agencies, were used. Crop yields, crop prices, and prices for key production inputs, mainly fertiliser and rainwater harvesting through tied-ridges, were simulated for the net economic return distributions, e.g., pearl millet, groundnuts, and sunflower under different farm-technologies scenarios using a farm simulation model. The results indicate that an intercrop of pearl millet and groundnuts is the most economically viable farming system compared with other alternative scenarios if supplemented with rainwater harvesting technology. Risk neutral and risk-averse farmers both prefer this approach. If these technologies are geographically considered and synthesised, they may be cost-effective for farmers with implications for the current and future livelihood and productivity of crops in rural semi-arid areas.
Effect of socio-cultural factors on gendered decision-making in the adoption of improved maize storage technologies
(Taylor & Francis Online, 2022) Mwinuka, Lutengano; Hyera, Erasto Osias
Post-harvest loss is a historical challenge affecting some of agricultural products including maize which is a vital cereal crop in Tanzania. Enhanced knowledge and training on the use of metal silo and hermetic bags have been among the initiatives introduced to address post-harvest losses. This paper, therefore, assesses the effects of socio-cultural factors on the gendered decision-making process in the adoption of improved maize storage technologies. The paper looks at the role of bargaining power, task division and implications for enhancing the socio-economic status of farming households. The study was cross-sectional and used a multistage sampling method to select villages and respondents in each district. Data were collected through questionnaires, focus groups and key informant interviews. Logistic regression and descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data gathered. The findings revealed that awareness, farming experience, age and beliefs were the key socio-cultural factors that made men and women adopt better storage technologies. The findings further revealed that the division of tasks between gender-specific households was not statistically significant with respect to the adoption of improved maize storage technologies. These findings imply that there is no need for gender mainstreaming in task division and gender-sensitive technologies, even among gender-diverse farmers from diverse socio-cultural communities. Thus, awareness programs need to be expanded and adopt joint decisions through farming households so as to play a key role in balancing bar-gaining power
Effect of socio-cultural factors on gendered decision-making in the adoption of improved maize storage technologies
(Taylor & Francis, 2022) Mwinuka, Lutengano; Hyera, Erasto Osias
Post-harvest loss is a historical challenge affecting some of agricultural products including maize which is a vital cereal crop in Tanzania. Enhanced knowledge and training on the use of metal silo and hermetic bags have been among the initiatives introduced to address post-harvest losses. This paper, therefore, assesses the effects of socio-cultural factors on the gendered decision-making process in the adoption of improved maize storage technologies. The paper looks at the role of bargaining power, task division and implications for enhancing the socio-economic status of farming households. The study was cross-sectional and used a multistage sampling method to select villages and respondents in each district. Data were collected through questionnaires, focus groups and key informant interviews. Logistic regression and descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data gathered. The findings revealed that awareness, farming experience, age and beliefs were the key socio-cultural factors that made men and women adopt better storage technologies. The findings further revealed that the division of tasks between gender-specific households was not statistically significant with respect to the adoption of improved maize storage technologies. These findings imply that there is no need for gender mainstreaming in task division and gender-sensitive technologies, even among gender-diverse farmers from diverse socio-cultural communities. Thus, awareness programs need to be expanded and adopt joint decisions through farming households so as to play a key role in balancing bargaining power.
Expert-based ex-ante assessments of potential social, ecological, and economic impacts of upgrading strategies for improving food security in rural Tanzania using the ScalA-FS approach
(Springer, 2017) Graef, Frieder; Uckert, Götz; Schindler, Jana; König, Hannes Jochen; Mbwana, Hadijah A.; Fasse, Anja; Mwinuka, Lutengano; Mahoo, Henry; Kaburire, Laurent N.; Saidia, Paul; Yustas, Yusto Mugisha; Silayo, Valerian; Makoko, Bashir; Kissoly, Luitfred; Lambert, Christine; Kimaro, Anthony; Sieber, Stefan; Hoffmann, Harry; Kahimba, Frederick C.; Mutabazi, Khamaldin D.
Subsistence farmers in sub-Saharan Africa are highly vulnerable to food insecurity given their low adaptive capacity against ecological and socio-economic shocks. Therefore, food security is one of their main challenges. Participatory action research across food value chains (FVCs) can help stabilize and enhance food security by developing upgrading strategies (UPS) that enhance specific aspects of crop production, post-harvest processing, marketing, income generation, and consumption. However, prior to their widespread adoption or upscaling, UPS need holistic understandings of their potential social, ecological, economic, and institutional challenges and opportunities in target areas. This article reports the application of the “ScalA-FS” tool, which assessed the potential success of selected UPS using assessment criteria developed by agricultural scientists and local farmers in a participatory process in Tanzania. This work is embedded in a larger participatory research project conducted in semi-arid and sub-humid ecological settings of the Dodoma and Morogoro regions of Tanzania. Results from the assessment of the potential impact of the UPS differed strongly between the UPS and the social, economic and environmental assessment criteria, but only slightly between semi-arid and sub-humid regions. The positive impacts of food-securing UPS centre on productivity and income generation. Rain water harvesting, fertilizer micro-dosing, optimized weeding, and promotion of kitchen gardens were expected to have the highest impacts after implementation. The ScalA-FS ex-ante assessments provide a knowledge base about potential impacts, as well as the potential bottlenecks to address during the implementation of UPS.
Factoring labour when comparing in siturainwater harvesting technologies for semi-arid areas of central Tanzania
(Informa UK Limited, 2023) Swai, Elirehema Y.; Mwinuka, Lutengano; Shitindi, Mawazo J.; Manda, Julius; Whitbread, Anthony; Bekunda, Mateete
Erratic rainfall, high evapotranspiration rates and droughts are major factors limiting crop production in semi-arid areas. Tied ridges that have crossed ties within the furrow are among the physical soil and water conservation measures. During the 2018/19 and 2019/20 seasons, we examined the efficacy of repaired tied ridges for maize crop (Zea mays) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) in Kongwa district of Tanzania as an alternate labour saving strategy for managing climate risks associated with variable rainfall. Treatments consisted of three tillage methods: conventional tillage (CT) which involved the preparation of a flat seedbed using handhoe, annually constructed tied ridges (ATR) and tied ridges that had been constructed during the previous season and had been repaired (residual tied ridges–RTR). Data were collected on labour requirements and crop performance. RTR increased economic returns by 29% and 80% over ATR and CT, respectively. Maize grain yield shows a trend of RTR >ATR>CT with values ranging from 2465 kg ha−1 to 4185 kg ha−1 (P < 0.01). While tillage and/or variety did not influence sorghum grain yield significantly (P > 0.05). The use of RTR is recommended because of low labour requirements and greater economic benefits than CT and ATR under maize cropping systems.
Fostering fertilizer use and welfare distribution in Tanzania: implica-tions for policy and practice
(IntechOpen, 2018) Mwinuka, Lutengano
This chapter attempts to assess the way the welfare effect is distributed among various players of the fertilizer supply chain and how fertilizer use can be promoted using micro fertilization technology. As policy debates over fertilizer use promotion have not yet come full circle, this chapter derives important implications for policy and practice. In particular, illustrations and economic-surplus effects framework were used to indicate expected impacts of fertilizer microdosing on crop yields and welfare. Lowdimension diagrammatic analysis using supply and demand curves was used together with detailed assessment of actors’ interactions in the fertilizer supply chain. In terms of welfare, crop producers, consumers and other market agents gain more if fertilizer microdosing is adopted by farmers. However, the magnitude of welfare effects varies as the slope of demand and supply curves change due to marginal fertilizer costs, crop prices and yield responses. Other influencing factors are soil moisture, the microdose rate, cropping system and general farm management practices. Thus, fertilizer microdosing can easily foster fertilizer use if the country elites implement a rational consistent policy, hence improving the welfare of players if adoption of the technology is reinforced with an efficient fertilizer supply chain.
Impact assessment of post-harvest repayment deducfions on sugarcane out-growers’ profitability: a case study of Ruembe cane growers asso-ciafion
(Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa, 2011) Mwinuka, Lutengano
This study was conducted at the Kilombero sugarcane out-growers’ scheme under the Ruembe Cane Growers Association (RCGA). It investigated the impact of post-harvest repayment deductions on sugarcane out-growers’ profitability through identifying benefits to farmers participating in the scheme, assessing their profitability, and analysing costs to sugarcane out-growers. A structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Profitability analysis was done by calculating the farmers’ gross revenues, gross cost and profit (both with and without ‘unnecessary deductions’). There were significant differences in farmers’ profitability, between all deductions included and ‘unnecessary deductions’ excluded. The analysis shows enough evidence that the ‘unnecessary deductions’ identified (Tanzania Sugarcane Growers Association, TASGA and government ‘CESS’ levy) had a significant impact on farmers’ final profits. In addition, farmers have been subject to many deductions and higher costs regarding their general involvement in cane production, compared with other crops, and with less help from the association management. Farmers participating in the sugarcane out-growers’ scheme benefited through a guaranteed market for their canes (the factory), price determination and negotiation by the Association, the possibility of getting loans and other credit facilities, and a guarantee of infrastructure services during the rainy season. However, double payments, duplicate roles of some deductions, and high transport costs because of inaccurate farm registration are some of the problems that need to be evaluated and addressed for Tanzanian sugarcane out-growers.
Improving ginning technologies and reviewing taxes to benefit cotton farmers in the United Republic of Tanzania
(FAO, 2013) Mwinuka, Lutengano; Maro, F.
MAFAP analysis shows that producers of raw cotton received prices that were lower than what they would have received without policy interventions and with better functioning value chains. These low prices were associated with taxes and levies in the cotton market. Moreover, cotton farmers would get better prices if the technical efficiency of ginners was improved. The reasons why only a very small percentage of cotton lint is spun domestically, and levels of additional processing remain persistently low, should be explored further.
Natural resource management and crop production strategies to improve regional food systems in Tanzania.
(SAGE, 2015) Graef, F.; Schneider, I.; Fasse, A.; Germer, J.U.; Gevorgyan, E.; Haule, F.; Hoffmann, H.; Kahimba, F.C.; Kashaga, L.; Kissoly, L.; Lambert, C.; Lana, M.; Mahoo, H.F.; Makoko, B.; Mbaga, S.H.; Mmbughu, A.; Mkangwa, S.; Mrosso, L.; Mutabazi, K.D.; Mwinuka, Lutengano; Ngazi, H.; Nkonya, E.; Reif, C.; Said, S.; Schaffert, A.; Schäfer, M.P.; Schindler, J.; Sieber, S.; Swamila, M.; Welp, H.M.; William, L.; Yustas, Y.M.
Sustainable rural food systems for poor and vulnerable people need to be locally adapted to enhance food security. This requires participatory action research that considers the entire food value chain (FVC). This paper presents an assessment of the feasibility and potential success of upgrading strategies (UPS) for enhancing food security based on a study that was part of a larger participatory research project in two regions of Tanzania. The authors present the results relating to natural resource management and crop production. The results for natural resources show that enhanced soil water management was rated as high for the semi-arid Dodoma region. For the Morogoro region, the experts favoured soil fertility-improving UPS, such as conservation agriculture and agroforestry. Assessments of food production for both regions indicated the importance of intercropping, manure input, pest and disease control and cover crops. Assessments differed greatly between the two different climatic regions, and to a lesser extent between the nationality of the experts and their gender. This highlights the importance of including different South–North and female–male awareness in assessments. Implementation feasibility assessments of UPS indicated that the most suitable approaches were rainwater harvesting for semi-arid and conservation agriculture for subhumid regions respectively. Local and/or regional stakeholders and experts should be involved in developing and assessing site-adapted UPS for enhancing Tanzanian FVCs.
Prevalence and determinants for poor nutritional status among children in rural Dodoma region of Tanzania
(Research Square Platform LLC, 2022) Mbwana, Hadijah A.; Mwinuka, Lutengano
Background: Undernutrition is a problem of public health significant in developing countries. This study examined the factors that determine stunting in children in Dodoma Region in Tanzania. Methods: Multistage stratified sampling procedure was used to select respondents. Height and weight were measured and nutritional status of children was determined. Stunting, underweight, and wasting in children were defined using these criteria, which were compared to WHO norms and standards. Logistic regression models were used to establish relationships between stunting and multiple variables. Results: The overall prevalence of stunting was 33%. Mzula village had the highest prevalence of severely underweight children at 3.6%. There were no significant differences in weight and height among children between villages. Important determinants of stunting in a univariate logistic regression were mother’s education, material used to build house, age of the child and distance to water source. In the multivariate analysis distance to water source and mother’s education, maternal education, and child’s age were found to independently predict stunting. The univariate logistic regression picked the father’s education, age of the mother and distance to water source as main determinants of being underweight. Conclusion: The current study stresses the importance of implementing region specific and context-relevant treatments to prevent malnutrition in this and other similar contexts in Tanzania
Reckoning the risks and rewards of fertilizer micro-dosing in a sub-humid farming system in Tanzania
(Taylor & Francis, 2016) Mwinuka, Lutengano; Mutabazi, Khamaldin Daud; Makindara, Jeremia; Sieber, Stefan
Smallholder farmers are reluctant to risk investing in fertilizers. To understand how risk is perceived and how economic returns are distributed before the decision to invest in fertilizer use is made, needs a systematic approach using localized applications. This study assesses the profitability and net return variability of fertilizer micro-dosing (MD) in the sub-humid rain-fed maize (Zea mays L.) farming system in Tanzania. Useful data was gathered from a household baseline survey, water and nutrient limited calibrated yields, marginal costs and yields from farmers’ field trials, along with other information from expert and historical data. Crop yields, crop prices and prices for key production inputs (mainly fertilizer) were simulated for the net economic return distributions for maize under different fertilizer MD rates using the Economic and Nutritional Impact Assessment Model (FARMSIM), which is supported by Simulation and Econometrics to Analyse Risk (SIMETAR). The results show relative differences in stochastic returns between water and nutrient limited (without fertilizer MD) and with fertilizer MD scenarios. Farmers are likely to adopt fertilization technologies if best agronomic practices are promoted through farmer groups and field schools, fertilizers are re-packaged into small quantities for ease of purchase and access, and the coverage of subsidized fertilizers is increased.
ScalA-FS: expert-based ex-ante assessments of local requirements and success potential of upgrading strategies for improving food security in rural Tanzania
(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2018) Uckert, Götz; Graef, Frieder; Faße, Anja; Herrmann, Ludger; Hoffmann, Harry; Kahimba, Frederick C; Kissoly, Luitfred; König, Hannes J; Lambert, Christine; Mahoo, Henry; Makoko, Bashir; Mrosso, Leon; Mutabazi, Khamaldin D; Mwinuka, Lutengano; Schäfer, Meike P; Schindler, Jana; Sieber, Stefan; Swai, Elirehema; Yustas, Yusto M
Enhancing food security is the main goal of subsistence farmers, who are vulnerable to food insecurity in sub-Saharan Africa. Participatory research across food value chains (FVC) can help stabilize and enhance food security by developing upgrading strategies (UPS). However, prior to successful widespread adoption and geographical upscaling, such practices need in-depth understanding of their suitability in target areas and their particular local requirements. Ex-ante assessments of selected UPS were carried out by German and Tanzanian agricultural scientists using the BScalA-FS^ tool. The participating experts included those responsible for implementation. The tool aims to systematically evaluate, at the community level, UPS that have been success- fully implemented elsewhere, evaluate their potential for dissemination, and identify entry points for adjustments during imple- mentation. Assessment indicators were developed through a participatory process. UPS relate to a) natural resource management and crop production; b) food processing and bioenergy; c) income generation and market participation; and d) food consumption. Here we present the ScalA-FS assessment results on UPS suitability as well as on its implementation requirements. We focused on the local context needed to enable a productive collaboration between smallholder farmers and implementing research and/or development organizations. Implementation requirements for the selected UPS were assessed as generally low to medium, and projected suitability in most cases was high. Local knowledge and education (human capital) along with visible success after a short time were important criteria of success of UPS. Here, careful consideration of the challenges before and after implemen- tation of UPS is suggested. ScalA-FS should be applied early in the implementation process of UPS in order to support adaptations and successful upscaling at other locations.
Simulated willingness of farmers to adopt fertilizer micro-dosing and rainwater harvesting technologies in semi-arid and sub-humid farming systems in Tanzania
(Springer, 2017) Mwinuka, Lutengano; Mutabazi, Khamaldin Daud; Graef, Frieder; Sieber, Stefan; Makindara, Jeremia; Kimaro, Anthony; Uckert, Götz
Productivity of African agriculture falls below the global average due mainly to limited use of productivity-enhancing technologies. In Tanzania, smallholders farm without fertilizer on fragile soils in rain-fed areas. Inadequate soil nutrients, nutrient mining, and soil-moisture stress are the main factors limiting crop productivity. Fertilizer micro-dosing (MD) and rainwater harvesting (RWH) through tied ridges appear to be appropriate technologies to help replenish soil nutrients and improve soil moisture for increased crop production. It nonetheless remains unclear whether these technologies can be adopted by smallholder farmers in Tanzania. There have been limited efforts to predict adoption and diffusion of new technologies in Tanzanian agriculture. This paper assesses the willingness of farmers to adopt fertilizer MD with and without tied ridges. Data were obtained from a household baseline study, participatory ex-ante impact assessments, and simulation exercises. Our cross-section analysis used integrated ex-ante assessment tools to understand sustainability and to prioritize and sequence technology adoption and diffusion. Simulation predicted the ex-ante impact of selected technologies, the adoption rate peaks, the likelihood for reaching peaks, and the possible time required to reach peak adoption. Our findings suggest the best paths that technology users should take, while considering factors which affect adoption during research planning, implementation, and testing of the farm level technologies.
Understanding consumer preference for common beans from manifold viewpoints of attributes in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
(Scientific Research Publishing, Inc., 2021) Swema, Ezekiel; Mwinuka, Lutengano
Common beans appeal to consumers in different ways. One important distinction of this nature is with respect to colour, size, cooking time and gravy quality. When multiple common bean varieties are exposed, consumers normally select several varieties on the same occasion while rejecting some of the offerings. Studies that have explicitly assessed factors underlying such a decision making are confined to demographic and socio-economic factors while ignoring societal and cultural factors. Ignoring these factors distort the measured effects and contribute to the failure of interventions aimed at altering food preferences. This study investigated the factors incorporative for a better understanding of consumers’ preferences for common beans. Discrete Choice Experiment was employed in order to elicit individual preference and uncover how individuals selected common beans with varying attribute levels using a random sample of 732 respondents. Using Poisson Regression Model, the results showed that probability of choosing two common bean types was the highest, although for some consumers, the number of choices ranged from zero to eight. Highlighted findings are essential for breeders, farmers and sellers of common beans to become certain on their decisions. The study recommends that breeding and market development efforts should primarily focus on unique preferences of consumers whose choices are predominantly within a narrow range of common beans and hence meeting their varied demand

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