Browsing by Author "Angelo, Teckla"

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    The efficacy of single-dose versus double-dose praziquantel treatments on schistosoma mansoni infections: its implication on undernutrition and anaemia among primary schoolchildren in two on-shore communities, Northwestern Tanzania
    (Hindawi Limited, 2017) Munisi, David Z.; Buza, Joram; Mpolya, Emmanuel A.; Angelo, Teckla; Kinung, Safari M.
    Administering more than one treatment may increase Praziquantel cure and egg reduction rates, there by hastening achievement of schistosomiasis transmission control. A total of 431S. Mansoni-infected schoolchildren were randomized to receive either a single or repeated 40 mg/kg Praziquantel dose. Heights, weights, and haemoglobin levels were determined using a stadiometer, weighing scale, and Hemo Cue, respectively. At 8 weeks, cure rate was higher on repeated dose (93.10%) compared to single dose (68.68%) (𝑝 <0.001). The egg reduction rate was higher on repeated dose (97.54%) compared to single dose (87.27%) (𝑝 = 0.0062). Geometric mean egg intensity was lower among those on repeated dose(1.30epg) compared to single dose (3.18epg)(𝑝 = 0.036)butnotat5 (𝑝 > 0.05)and8(𝑝 > 0.05) months with no difference in reinfection rate. No difference in the prevalence of stunting was observed between the two treatment regimens (𝑝 > 0.05) at 8 months, but there was an increase in the prevalence of wasting among those on repeated dose (𝑝 < 0.001). There was an increase in the mean haemoglobin level sat 8 months with no difference between the two arms (𝑝 > 0.05). To achieve reduction of transmission intensity and disease control in highly endemic areas, repeated treatments alone may not be sufficient. This trial was registered with PACTR 201601001416338.
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    Geographical and behavioral risks associated with Schistosoma haematobium infection in an area of complex transmission
    (BioMed Central, 2018) Angelo, Teckla; Buza, Joram; Kinung’hi, Safari Methusela; Kariuki, Henry Curtis; Mwanga, Joseph Rogathe; Munisi, David Zadock; Wilson, Shona
    Background: Schistosoma haematobium infection in endemic areas varies depending on the nature and complexity of the transmission networks present. Studies of micro-geographical transmission of S. Haematobium infection indicate that discrepancy in prevalence between households is associated with diverse water contact behaviours and transmission that is restricted to particular sites harbouring snail intermediate hosts. Detection of variations in the transmission sources with complex transmission networks of water bodies is required for the optimization of malacological control. Longitudinal parasitological and malacological surveys were conducted to investigate geographical variations in transmission of urogenital schistosomiasis in Ikingwamanoti village, Shinyanga District, Tanzania. Methods: Urine samples were collected at baseline and follow-up time points from 282 school-aged children and examined microscopically for the presence of S. Haematobium eggs. Malacological surveys involved the collection of Bulinus nasutus every month from 30 sites. Snails were examined for patent infections. Global positioning system was used to map household distances from S. Haematobium transmission sites, while water contact behaviour was assessed using a questionnaire. Results: Schistosoma haematobium infection was observed to be prevalent among older children (12–14 years) compared to younger groups prior to treatment, but no significant difference in infection prevalence was observed at one-year. Boys were highly infected than girls at both time points. No spatial influence was observed between children’s infection and the distance from child’s residence to the nearby snail habitats nor was any significant association observed between children’s reported water contact behaviour with S. haematobium infection. However, malacological surveys with cercarial shedding combined with GPS data detected significant variation among different water sources in the transmission of S. Haematobium with children living in households near to ponds with high B. nasutus populations having the highest prevalence of infection. Conclusions: Interaction between malacological surveys with cercarial shedding combined with GPS mapping in endemic settings can help detection of transmission sources even in areas with complex transmission networks. Subsequent studies are needed to determine whether the combination of GPS mapping and parasitology screens can aid the detection of transmission hotspots across varied transmission settings to enhance schistosomiasis control programmes.
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    Knowledge, attitude, and practices on intestinal schistosomiasis among primary schoolchildren in the Lake Victoria basin, Rorya district, north-western Tanzania
    (BioMed Central, 2017) Munisi, David Z.; Buza, Joram; Mpolya, Emmanuel A.; Angelo, Teckla; Kinung, Safari M.
    Globally school-age children, adolescents and young adults bear the highest burden of schistosomiasis. When developing a specific intervention to improve communitys knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs), existing KAPs must be taken into account. Therefore, this study was designed to determine school childrens KAPs on schistosomiasis in the study area. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Busanga and Kibuyi villages involving 513 schoolchildren. A pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic data and to assess KAP on schistosomiasis among primary schoolchildren in the study area. Of the 488 interviewed children, 391 (80.12%) reported to have heard of schistosomiasis, with the majority 289 (73.91%) citing school as the source of this knowledge. Swimming in the lake, worms, witchcraft, and mosquitoes were mentioned to be the cause for intestinal schistosomiasis. Fishing in the lake, drinking unboiled lake water, walking bare footed, and shaking hands were reported to be practices that may lead to contracting schistosomiasis. Only 156 (39.90%) of the study respondents reported to know the signs of intestinal schistosomiasis. Avoiding swimming in the lake, drinking unboiled water and eating unwashed fruits were mentioned as preventive measures. Nearly 85% (412) reported understanding that there was a disease known as schistosomiasis; additionally, 419 (85.86%) considered schistosomiasis as a dangerous disease and 418 (85.66%) believed that schistosomiasis was treatable. Fishermen and schoolchildren were reported to be groups most at risk of schistosomiasis infection. Visiting the lake (for swimming and other gatherings) was a common practice among study participants 471 (96.52%). Nearly 93% (451) of participants mentioned using lake water for domestic chores and although 407 (84.61%) reported to own a toilet at home, only 229 (55.31%) reported to always use a toilet for sanitation purposes. Despite a high rate of awareness among school children regarding schistosomiasis, there was a persistent gap amongst the children regarding the causes, modes of transmission, symptoms, and preventive measures for the disease. Therefore, an appropriate health education intervention is needed in order to inculcate better knowledge, attitudes, and practices amongst school children regarding its transmission, control, and prevention as part of a successful schistosomiasis campaign.