Browsing by Author "Mpolya, Emmanuel A."

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    The efficacy of single-dose versus double-dose praziquantel treatments on schistosoma mansoni infections: its implication on undernutrition and anaemia among primary schoolchildren in two on-shore communities, Northwestern Tanzania
    (Hindawi Limited, 2017) Munisi, David Z.; Buza, Joram; Mpolya, Emmanuel A.; Angelo, Teckla; Kinung, Safari M.
    Administering more than one treatment may increase Praziquantel cure and egg reduction rates, there by hastening achievement of schistosomiasis transmission control. A total of 431S. Mansoni-infected schoolchildren were randomized to receive either a single or repeated 40 mg/kg Praziquantel dose. Heights, weights, and haemoglobin levels were determined using a stadiometer, weighing scale, and Hemo Cue, respectively. At 8 weeks, cure rate was higher on repeated dose (93.10%) compared to single dose (68.68%) (𝑝 <0.001). The egg reduction rate was higher on repeated dose (97.54%) compared to single dose (87.27%) (𝑝 = 0.0062). Geometric mean egg intensity was lower among those on repeated dose(1.30epg) compared to single dose (3.18epg)(𝑝 = 0.036)butnotat5 (𝑝 > 0.05)and8(𝑝 > 0.05) months with no difference in reinfection rate. No difference in the prevalence of stunting was observed between the two treatment regimens (𝑝 > 0.05) at 8 months, but there was an increase in the prevalence of wasting among those on repeated dose (𝑝 < 0.001). There was an increase in the mean haemoglobin level sat 8 months with no difference between the two arms (𝑝 > 0.05). To achieve reduction of transmission intensity and disease control in highly endemic areas, repeated treatments alone may not be sufficient. This trial was registered with PACTR 201601001416338.
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    Intestinal schistosomiasis among primary schoolchildren in two on-shore communities in Rorya district, northwestern Tanzania: prevalence, intensity of infection and associated risk factors
    (Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2016) Munisi, David Z.; Joram, Buza; Mpolya, Emmanuel A.; Kinung’hi, Safari M.
    In Tanzania, Schistosoma mansoni is of great public health importance. Understanding the prevalence and infection intensity is important for targeted, evidence-based control strategies. This study aimed at studying the prevalence, intensity, and risk factors of S. mansoni among schoolchildren in the study area. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Busanga and Kibuyi villages. Sampled513 schoolchildren provided stool specimens which were examined using kato-katz method. Pretested questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic data and associated risk factors. The prevalence of S. mansoni infection was 84.01%, with geometric mean egg intensity of 167.13 (95% CI: 147.19–189.79) eggs per gram of stool (epg). Other parasites detected were Ascaris lumbricoides (1.4%) and hookworms (1.4%). The geometric mean infection intensity in Busanga and Kibuyi were 203.70 (95% CI: 169.67–244.56) and135.98 (95% CI: 114.33–161.73) epg, respectively. Light, moderate, and heavy infection intensities were 34.11%, 39.91%, and 25.99%, respectively. Village of residence, parent’s level of education, toilet use, and treatment history were predictors of infection. The high prevalence and infection intensity in this study were associated with the village, parent’s level of education, inconsistent toilet use, and treatment history. To control the disease among at-risk groups, these factors need to be considered in designing integrated schistosomiasis control interventions.
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    Knowledge, attitude, and practices on intestinal schistosomiasis among primary schoolchildren in the Lake Victoria basin, Rorya district, north-western Tanzania
    (BioMed Central, 2017) Munisi, David Z.; Buza, Joram; Mpolya, Emmanuel A.; Angelo, Teckla; Kinung, Safari M.
    Globally school-age children, adolescents and young adults bear the highest burden of schistosomiasis. When developing a specific intervention to improve communitys knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs), existing KAPs must be taken into account. Therefore, this study was designed to determine school childrens KAPs on schistosomiasis in the study area. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Busanga and Kibuyi villages involving 513 schoolchildren. A pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic data and to assess KAP on schistosomiasis among primary schoolchildren in the study area. Of the 488 interviewed children, 391 (80.12%) reported to have heard of schistosomiasis, with the majority 289 (73.91%) citing school as the source of this knowledge. Swimming in the lake, worms, witchcraft, and mosquitoes were mentioned to be the cause for intestinal schistosomiasis. Fishing in the lake, drinking unboiled lake water, walking bare footed, and shaking hands were reported to be practices that may lead to contracting schistosomiasis. Only 156 (39.90%) of the study respondents reported to know the signs of intestinal schistosomiasis. Avoiding swimming in the lake, drinking unboiled water and eating unwashed fruits were mentioned as preventive measures. Nearly 85% (412) reported understanding that there was a disease known as schistosomiasis; additionally, 419 (85.86%) considered schistosomiasis as a dangerous disease and 418 (85.66%) believed that schistosomiasis was treatable. Fishermen and schoolchildren were reported to be groups most at risk of schistosomiasis infection. Visiting the lake (for swimming and other gatherings) was a common practice among study participants 471 (96.52%). Nearly 93% (451) of participants mentioned using lake water for domestic chores and although 407 (84.61%) reported to own a toilet at home, only 229 (55.31%) reported to always use a toilet for sanitation purposes. Despite a high rate of awareness among school children regarding schistosomiasis, there was a persistent gap amongst the children regarding the causes, modes of transmission, symptoms, and preventive measures for the disease. Therefore, an appropriate health education intervention is needed in order to inculcate better knowledge, attitudes, and practices amongst school children regarding its transmission, control, and prevention as part of a successful schistosomiasis campaign.
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    Schistosoma mansoni infections, undernutrition and anaemia among primary schoolchildren in two onshore villages in Rorya District, North-Western Tanzania
    (Public Library of Science, 2016) Munisi, David Zadock; Joram, Buza; Kinung’hi, Safari M.; Mpolya, Emmanuel A.
    Undernutrition and anaemia remain to be a major public health problem in many developing countries, where they mostly affect children. Intestinal parasitic infections are known to affect both growth and haemoglobin levels. Much has been reported on the impact of geohelminths on anaemia and undernutrition, leaving that of Schistosoma mansoni not well studied. Therefore this study intended to determine the association between S.mansoni infections, anaemia and undernutrition among schoolchildren in Rorya district, Northwestern Tanzania. A cross-sectional study was carried among school children in two onshore villages namely Busanga and Kibuyi in Rorya district. Single stool specimens were collected from 513 randomly selected schoolchildren and processed for microscopic examination using the Kato-Katz method. Nutritional status was determined by anthropometry. Blood samples were also collected and examined for malaria parasites and haemoglobin levels using the Giemsastain and HaemoCue methods, respectively. A pretested questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic data and associated factors. The prevalence of S. mansoni infection and malaria was 84.02% and 9.16%, respectively. Other parasites found were Ascaris lumbricoides (1.36%) and Hookworm (1.36%). The prevalence of stunting and wasting was 38.21% and 14.42%, respectively. The prevalence of anaemia was 29.43%, whereby 0.58% had severe anaemia. S. mansoni infection was not found to be associated with undernutrition or anaemia (p>0.05). The risk of stunting and wasting increased with increasing age (p<0.001). Anaemia was associated with age, sex and village of residence (p<0.05).