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Item Resource productivity and allocation efficiency in smallholder coffee farmers in Rugwe district, Tanzania(SAP, 2000) Mwakalobo, A. B. SThis paper presents empirical findings on resource productivity and allocation efficiency in smallholder coffee farmers in Rungwe district. The data used in this paper are based on a case study that involved interviewing 90 farmers. A Cobb-Douglas production function was used to estimate the production organization of the coffee farmers, and their efficiency in resource use. The results show that the farmers display inefficient use of available resources. The results indicate that farmers would increase farm productivity by the use of adequate capital-intensive input levels in order to maximize their efficiency. However, in order to achieve the use of capital intensive inputs, farmers should be encouraged to form groups/associations through which can take the advantages of increasing the bargaining power in both input and output markets. Farmers' groups/associations further provides group liability in the procurement of credit from both formal and informal financial lending institutions. This in turn will improve farmers input purchasing power.Item The digital diplomacy (dd) apparatus and the conduct of diplomacy in Tanzania(Springer, Cham., 2021) Kajerero, J.; Mujwahuzi, L. S.The main triggering argument for this paper is that although much has been aired on the practice of diplomacy in addressing the response conventional diplomacy to the Digital Diplomacy (DD) apparatus but little has been known regarding the impact of DD apparatus on the conduct of diplomacy in Tanzania, especially the extent to which DD apparatus can help achieve foreign policy objectives. In responding to this puzzle, the paper specifically, examines the status of diplomacy conduct in the study area, and assesses the impact of digital diplomacy apparatus on the conduct of diplomacy. A cross-sectional research design is adopted coupled with purposive sampling technique to obtain data. Quantitative data were descriptively analyzed by using SPSS version 24, while the qualitative data were analyzed through thematic analysis. Under the status of diplomacy in Tanzania, the findings reveal that both offline and digital diplomacy apparatus are used in conducting diplomacy and in accessing diplomatic services. For the impact of DD apparatus it has been concluded that DD has enhanced the ability to shape and frame diplomatic agenda and empower states diplomatic agents and missions. It is recommended that the United Republic of Tanzania has to conduct capacity building training on DD apparatus, installation, and maintenance of wireless technology infrastructure, and give preference to hybrid conduct of diplomacy.Item Women Political Leadership in Provision of Quality Education in Selected Local Government Authorities in Tanzania(International Conference on Gender & Women’s Studies, 2022) Makalanga, L. B.The initiatives for provision of quality education has been a concern in Tanzania since independence in 1961. Different scholars in the globe have been dealing with community participation in many countries, but few of them are directly linking women local leaders with the improvement of quality education provision in the society. The tendency in both developed and developing countries has been to increase the number of women representatives in local decision-making organs. However, little is known on whether women in local decision-making organs in Tanzania have strength to influence decisions for improving quality education provision. Hence, this, paper intends to present and discuss findings in an academic interactive manner, the part of women political leaders in improving quality education in selected local government authorities in Dodoma Region as a case study. Data were collected using household survey, Focus group discussion (FGD), semi-structured interviews, non-participant observation and documentary reviews. Quantitative data were analyzed with the help of the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) while qualitative data were thematically analyzed. The findings of the study showed that there are aspects of the capacity of women political leaders, explicitly through: leadership style that tends to be self-governing, motherly and shared; decision-making aspects in attaining the community needs of both boy and girls-children and features of family provision as an outside power in carrying out women’ role as a political leader. The study concludes that, women political leaders have a significant role in improving quality education provision in the study area especially at the community level. The capacity of women is influenced in fulfilling their gender roles as women leaders, family care takers and community members; thus women influenced decisions in ensuring that gender equality is enhanced in school enrollment among boys and girl-children in the society. The study recommends that, more women should be encouraged to hold political posts to work out their leadership roles as care takers, members of the community and political leaders. This will enable women as vulnerable group in the society to act as catalysts in stimulating provision of quality education as men do in the society.Item The Political Economy of Cluster Development Initiatives in Tanzania: Institutional Framework and Emerging Challenges(Springer link, 2022) Francis, B.S.; Mwakalobo, A.; Nguyahambi, A. M.Purpose: This article aimed to examine the political economy of Cluster Development Initiatives on the institutional framework for CDIs in Tanzania context basing on the contractual arrangements of key actors, policy strategies, collaboration and institutional challenges under the guidance of the new institutional economic theory. Design/Methodology/Approach: The research used a cross-sectional design with a mixed approach through simple random sampling techniques to obtain 150 SMEs owners in the cluster of the regions of Singida, Mbeya and Morogoro. Interview, observation, survey and review of documents were used to get the required information. The quantitative and qualitative information were analyzed by descriptive statistics, ANOVA as well as analysis of the themes consecutively. Findings: It was found that the contractual arrangements of key actors were based on funding, training, technical expertise and linking clusters to various stakeholders. The difference in collaboration was not significant as well as significant with P value = 0.097and P value = 0.000 across regions and clusters respectively. Low government commitment, inadequate funding and low collaboration among cluster members were the major institutional challenges as there was inadequate political and institutional support to realize the intended objectives. Research limitation: The study focused on SMEs in clusters in the regions of Singida, Mbeya and Morogoro in Tanzania where CDIs were largely implemented. Practical Implication: The knowledge advanced by this study will help CDIs implementers and other stakeholders on the nature of political and institutional support, the collaboration of key stakeholders and the major institutional challenges. Social Implication: The knowledge advanced by this study will help policymakers to adjust SME development policies to provide special attention to CDIs issues as well as strengthen project capacity write up to attract funds. Originality/Value: The novelty of this study is on informing about the political economy of Cluster Development Initiatives particularly on the contractual arrangements of key actors, policy strategies, collaboration and institutional challenges under the guidance of the new institutional economic theory in Tanzania.Item The Influence of Cluster Development Initiatives on Small and Medium Enterprises Performance in Tanzania(Springer link, 2022) Francis, B.S.; Mwakalobo, A.; Nguyahambi, A.MAbstract Purpose: This research article aimed to examine the influence of Cluster Development Initiatives on SMEs performance in the regions of Mbeya, Morogoro and Singida -Tanzania, explicitly on technological, training, networking, capital, marketing and working premises. Design/Methodology/Approach: This research employed a cross-sectional research design with a mixed approach whereby 150 SMEs owners were randomly selected from clusters. Survey, interview, observation and review of documents were employed to obtain information. The quantitative information was analyzed by SPSS using multiple linear regression models whereas qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis.