Journal Articles

Permanent URI for this collection

http://192.168.18.118:4000/handle/20.500.12661/372

Browse

Browsing Journal Articles by Subject "Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome"

Now showing 1 - 3 of 3
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Adrenal insufficiency: A forgotten diagnosis in HIV/AIDS patients in developing countries
    (Hindawi, 2019) Nassoro, David D; Mwakyula, Issakwisa Habakkuk; Mkhoi, Mkhoi L; Sabi, Issa; Merem, Alfred J.; Lawal, Paul S
    Adrenal insufficiency (AI) is one of the most common endocrine diseases in patients with HIV/AIDS, leading to high morbidity and mortality in HIV patients who become critically ill. Various etiologies are associated with the condition, including cytomegalovirus (CMV), Mycobacterium tuberculosis, lymphoma, Kaposi’s sarcoma, and drugs such as rifampin, among others. HIV patients with advanced disease develop relative cortisol deficiency largely due to the reduction of cortisol reserve, which predisposes patients to the adrenal crisis in periods of stress or critical illness. The prevalence of AI in HIV/AIDS patients during HAART era is higher in developing than developed countries, probably due to limited access to both diagnosis and adequate treatments which increases the risk of opportunistic infections. The clinical features of functional adrenal insufficiency in HIV/AIDS patients can be masked by various infectious, noninfectious, and iatrogenic causes, which reduce clinical recognition of the condition. Development of simple screening algorithms may help clinicians reach the diagnosis when approaching these patients. In many low-income countries, most HIV patients are diagnosed with advanced disease; thus, further research is necessary to elucidate the prevalence of adrenal insufficiency in HIV/AIDS patients and the condition’s impact on mortality in this population.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Dangers of injections overuse in developing countries with a high HIV/AIDS prevalence: a review on HIV risk hazards, traumatic effects and other blood borne infections
    (Elsevier, 2011) Nsimba, S. E. D.; Gesase, A. P.; Massele, A. Y.
    Use of injections is commonly practiced in both developed and developing countries. However, in developing countries like Tanzania, both public and private health care providers prescribe and administer injections to clients/patients. The private sector in developing countries is on the leading side for several reasons and becomes the main one being economic or financial gains through charging patients who demand or request or need an injection. Injections in Tanzania are believed by clients/patients or consumers to work fast or better or more effective than oral medications/tablets. This belief is based on the pharmacological advantage of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of injectables versus oral medications/tablets. Despite the curative advantage injections have in a human body, these injections must be administered by qualified personnel in our health facilities applying both aseptic and sterile techniques in order to minimize/prevent trauma which may lead to paralysis after damaging sciatic nerve to gluteal muscle, nerve to deltoid muscle, continuous bleeding in individuals with bleeding disorders such as haemophilia, or thrombocytopenia, and spread of infections such as HIV, hepatitis B, C, poliomyelitis, osteomyelitis and other abscesses. Thus, there is a need to institute educational interventions targeting all the three levels i.e. health care providers (clinicians and nurses) in public and private facilities, clients/patients or consumers of care who attend in these facilities and not forgetting injection drug users and traditional healers/practitioners from the informal health sector in our society.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Delusional infestation: A case of Ekbom syndrome in an elderly woman with a long history of HIV
    (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2023) Mandari, Sadiki; Aslan, Suluma; Deodatus, Shani; Nyundo, Azan
    A 70- year- old female presented with a long history of HIV and 5 years of disturbing delusions of infestation that impaired her daily functioning. The delusions resolved with haloperidol but were followed by depressive symptoms. The case presents the complexity of managing neuropsychiatric manifestations of HIV/AIDS with comorbidities in old age.