Chapters in a book

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    Commercialization of innovations in Tanzania: an empirical investigation
    (IGI Global, 2021) Rwamuhuru, Mshindi Andrew; Tegambwage, Amani Gration
    The study investigates types, sources of innovation, and corresponding challenges to commercialization among small and medium-sized industries (SMIs) in Tanzania. It employed a qualitative research design with semi-structured interview method. Findings indicate that incremental, product, and process are common types of innovations introduced. The major sources of innovations are employees, consumers, user-manufacturer lifestyles, consequential needs, and best practices by manufacturing firms. Also, it was revealed that SMIs do not follow all steps of the innovation commercialization process. Major challenges facing SMIs in the commercialization process include lack of commercialization knowledge; lack of development infrastructure and fast logistics; lack of strong university, industry, and public institutions linkage; and regulatory authorities' bureaucracy, among others. The study recommends that SMIs establish strong research and development units and collaborations with key stakeholders in order to improve identification and commercialization of innovations in Tanzania.
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    Rating of cash crop insurance contracts in Tanzania using nonparametric methods
    (IGI Global, 2021) Massawe, Expery Mathias; Kirigiti, Peter Josephat; Mbwambo, Sauda Hatibu
    This chapter used nonparametric methods to establish the parameters of cash crop insurance contracts based on zone yields. The secondary historical yields data obtained from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, for the period of 1961 through 2018, for cotton and cashew nuts, were used both in estimating the kernel density function and forecasting the mean yield. The estimated kernel density and mean forecasts were used to tabulate, at a different level of coverage, the probability of loss, the expected yield shortfall (kilogram per hectare, denote kg/ha), and the actuarial-fair premium rates for each crop. The results showed that, at different levels of coverage (i.e., from 50% to 90%), the actuarial-fair premium rates range between 0% and 32% of the sum assured. However, the range for cashew nuts is narrow (0% to 8%) while that of cotton is 4% to 32%, a very wider range compared to cashew nuts. Further, the expected losses for cotton, in the same coverage intervals, ranges from 11.58kg/ha to 256.06kg/ha while that of cashew was 0.44kg/ha to 19.69kg/ha.