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Item Colonialism and the criminalization of traditional fishing in Mwanza, 1890–1960(Springer International Publishing, 2022) Magogo, P. M.Purpose: This paper develops an understanding of the colonial policies and their influence on the criminalization of traditional fishing in Mwanza, Tanzania. In an attempt to achieve this goal, the two objectives are the need of the colonialists to replace the indigenous species of fish which were branded trash fish, they need to transform fishing from a traditional undertaking into a commercial undertaking. Methodology: This study employed a qualitative approach which employed both primary and secondary sources of data. The primary source of data involved interviews and archival research. The sample size for this study was based on data saturation. Findings: Findings revealed that the introduction of colonial policies criminalized traditional fishing because the local people were forced to abide by the new regulations which limited their fishing practices. Research limitation: The study focused on colonial policies as key determinants to the criminalization of fishing in Mwanza, Tanzania. Therefore, the study concentrated on the Mwanza region, representing other regions where fishing activities take place. Practical implication: The information generated from this study would inform the local fishing communities of the background factors which influenced the establishment of several regulations which hindered their participation in fishing. Social implication: The knowledge advanced in this study would help policy-makers in the fisheries sector to design the policies in such a way that the policies do not hinder the local communities to participate in fishing.