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Farmer Tree Nurseries as a Catalytst for Developing Sustainable best Management Land Use Practices in the Nile River Basin: Case Studies from East Africa
(LARS, 2007) Shisanya, C.A.; Tenge, A.; Kalumuna, M.
Support to farmer nurseries is classified as either “hard” referring to material inputs (tree seed, water, tools and fencing) or “soft” (information, training and backstopping advice). Against a background of poor services for smallholder farmers in the Lake Victoria basin, it was hypothesized that a number of support agents operating at the grassroot level together with farmers themselves provide the different support functions needed in the establishment of farmer tree nurseries. Through financial support from Inter-University Council of East Africa coordinated VicReS Project, a collaborative project involving Kenyatta University (Kenya), Kenya Agricultural Research Institute and Mulingano Agricultural Research Institute (Tanzania) has been able to initiate reforestation/afforestation activities in Lake Victoria catchments ecosystems of western Kenya and western Tanzania. Through the initial activities, a total of twenty four (24) farmer groups have been identified in western Kenya and supported through capacity building and supply of basic inputs for tree nursery seed bed preparation and management. The groups have been able to set up tree nurseries and are now managing seed beds with a total of 450,000 agro-forestry seedlings, mainly Grevillea robusta and Casuarina spp. The farmers intend to distribute the seedling among the members for planting on farm boundaries, around homesteads, and woodlots within the homesteads and sell the surplus. Preliminary findings show that there is an urgent need to facilitate grassroot level support systems with larger participation from the national extension service for provision of training and backstopping advice. Strengthening the human capital of farmers and service providers emerges as critical in increasing impact. Farmer nurseries are shown to play a number of important and interrelated functions in building natural, human and social capital. Monitoring and evaluating farmer nurseries in catalysing these three functions should therefore receive proper attention in assessing the impact of sustainable land use systems. Policies need to be well articulated to address some of the major constrains identified in the Lake Victoria catchments ecosystem.
Athari za kimaendeleo katika muktadha wa nyimbo za ngoma ya mbassa ya jamii ya Wachagga
(Chuo kikuu cha Dodoma, 2012) Mboya, Kolman A.
Utafiti huu ulilenga kuchunguza athari za kimaendeleo katika muktadha wa nyimbo za ngoma ya Mbassa. Nyimbo za ngoma ya Mbasssa zilikuwa zinaimbwa katika muktadha wa unyago. Kwa sasa nyimbo hizi haziimbwi katika muktadha wa unyago kutokana na mabadiliko ya kimaendeleo, yakiwemo masuala ya utandawazi, mabadiliko ya sayansi na teknolojia, kupanuka kwa kiwango cha elimu, kubadilika kwa mfumo wa siasa, masuala ya kibiashara na mwingiliano katika tamaduni, kumeathiri nyimbo za ngoma ya Mbassa. Nyimbo hizi bado zipo na zinaimbwa katika miktadha ya sherehe za harusi, sherehe za kidini na kwenye kampeni za kisiasa. Nadharia iliyotumika katika utafiti huu ni ya Kihemenitiki. Nadharia hii inatizama maana ya fasihi, namna fasihi inavyohusiana na kusudi la mwandishi, na kama inakuwa rahisi kupata uelewaji wa ndani wa kazi ya fasihi kutegemeana na mazingira na historia ya hadhira inayohusika. Nadharia hii imesaidia kubaini na kuchambua mada ya utafiti ambayo inahusiana na athari za kimaendeleo katika muktadha wa nyimbo za ngoma ya Mbassa. Utafiti huu ulitumia mbinu mbalimbali zikiwemo mbinu ya udadisi, mbinu ya kusogezeana, mbinu ya uchaguzi holela, mbinu ya ufafanuzi wa matini pia ilitumika mbinu ya mchakato wa ukusanyaji data na udhibiti wake. Matokeo ya utafiti yalizingatia suala la kimuktadha katika kuchambua maudhui ya ngoma ya Mbassa, kujua namna maudhui hayo yanayosawiri katika jamii ya sasa. Pia matokeo ya utafiti yalitizama namna nyimbo za ngoma ya Mbassa zinazoimbwa wakati huu kama zinaendana au zinasawiri mabadiliko ya kimaendeleo katika jamii.
The status of ethnic community languages: a comparative study between endogamous and exogamous families in Dodoma municipality
(The University of Dodoma, 2012) Masinde, Yusuph N
The study focused on the status of ECLs by making a comparative study between endogamous and exogamous families found in urban areas of Tanzania, in the Municipality of Dodoma. The study aimed at finding the truth on the assumptions that people who marry endogamously may maintain their languages since they mutually understand each other while those who marry exogamously might shift to the dominant languages since they do not share the same language. Primarily, the study firstly, addressed the question of language use in daily conversation within the two family groups; secondly, it examined the attitudes of the couples towards ECLs, Kiswahili and English; and thirdly, the study examined the extent of language shift and maintenance within the families. Batibo‟s (1992) marked bilingualism model was used to guide this study. Purposive sampling technique was used to obtain the respondents whereby those visited were either endogamous or exogamous families. The target populations were the workers in four higher learning institutions of Dodoma Municipality. Instruments for data collections were questionnaire and interview. The study used both qualitative and quantitative approaches of data elicitation. Qualitative data were subjected to content analysis whereas quantitative data were tabulated, computed and put into percentages. Findings from the study revealed that, in the context of language use, both endogamous and exogamous families use Kiswahili in their daily conversation and for greeting each other and their children. Only minor exceptions were observed where some respondents use ECLs to speak with their parents and grandparents when they come to visit them in town. The study revealed further that, respondents manifested positive attitudes towards ECLs, Kiswahili and English, even though Kiswahili seemed to dominate other languages for wider communication. The assumption put forward at the beginning of the chapter that endogamous families whose couples speak the same language might use and maintain their ECLs was found not to be valid. It was found in this study that, endogamous families use Kiswahili almost in all contexts except in few occasions. This signifies then that, as it was for exogamous families who use Kiswahili as a lingua franca, endogamous families have also shifted to follow them. Kiswahili was seen to overpower ECLs in all spheres of life in both endogamous and exogamous families. So the study concluded that, there were no major perceived differences on the status of ECLs between the endogamous and exogamous families in terms of language use and attitudes. It was also noted that, the future of ECLs is in vain because they are not transmitted to children born in these two family groups. The children have nothing to inherit as their future identity and culture preservation. There will be a new generation of children who know nothing about ECLs, rather those who know Kiswahili and English languages only.
A critical discourse analysis of kitchen party language
(The University of Dodoma, 2012) Mussa, Khiyara
The focus of the study was to analyze the implication of linguistic features of kitchen party language to the contemporary society of Tanzania. Kitchen parties carry the basic linguistic features with education basis in them. The common opinion obtained during the study through interviews and observations was that kitchen party does a lot to educate an African woman to be both a good wife and a responsible mother. But again language used in kitchen party is characterized by symbolic features that are special to be used to the bride-to-be. The comparative analysis done between the kitchen parties conducted in rural areas and those of urban ones, show that the rural kitchen parties carry the real meaning of kitchen party while the latter have been destroyed by commercialization of the event.
Derivation and inflection processes in Jinakiiya
(The University of Dodoma, 2012) Mangula, Ignas
This study has been done as an attempt to describe the two processes in morphology- inflection and derivation, how they apply to Kisukuma language, while paying attention to the Jinakiiya dialect which is spoken in some parts of Shinyanga and Simiyu regions. The study is undertaken considering the fact that languages of the world differ morphologically in a number of ways. The objective of the study is to describe the nature of derivation and inflection in nouns, verbs and adjectives of Kisukuma-Jinakiiya. The classical theory, which is now considered as a traditional method of analyzing the structure of words is used to guide this study. The analysis however, is shaped to fit in Morpheme-Based Morphology. A good number of nouns, verbs and adjectives were collected in the area where the dialect is spoken and then using tables, realization of morphemes in each word including attachment of different affixes was done. The findings of the study however, despite the unique characteristics the data displayed in the analysis and discussion, the two processes as described by the already existing knowledge from other languages work well to Kisukuma language.
The effectiveness of communicative language teaching to A-level English language learners
(The University of Dodoma, 2012) Madata, Wilfred
This study aimed at investigating the effectiveness of Communicative Language Teaching to A-level English language learners. The study was conducted in two areas which are Mbeya and Dodoma. A-level English language teachers and learners, heads of schools and English language school inspectors were involved in this study. The English language curriculum developers were also one of the informants involved in the study. The instruments used in data collection were interview, observation and documentary analysis. This study was guided by three questions: The first question aimed at exploring the factors which impact on the effective application of communicative approach. The second one was planned to scrutinize how the features and principles of CLT adhered to by teachers in A-level English Language Teaching. The last question was projected to find out the teachers‟ and other stakeholders' opinions for improving the state of ELT in Tanzania. The findings have shown that in many schools there is minimal application of features of communicative approach. For example, the use of communicative activities and authentic materials in classroom teaching are not frequently applied by English language teachers. A number of challenges have been observed towards unsuccessful application of communicative approach. These challenges include lack of in-service training for English language teachers, large classes, teachers‟ heavy workload, lack of resources and equipment for application of CLT, and mismatch between English language curriculum and the type of English language examination given by NECTA. The concerned bodies in Tanzania have been advised by stakeholders of English language to eradicate these challenges for better results in the implementation of communicative language teaching in Tanzania.
Nature and treatment of secondary school students’ morpho-syntactic errors in english language classrooms: the case of Dodoma region
(The University of Dodoma, 2012) Biseko, John M.
This study was designed to examine issues related to morpho-syntactic errors among secondary school students in Tanzanian English Language Classrooms. Specifically, the study aimed at: identifying common morpho-syntactic errors committed by students in English language classrooms, finding out possible factors for students‟ errors and assessing the corrective feedback techniques that teachers use to correct their students‟ errors (both written and spoken errors). The study employed both qualitative and quantitative approaches in data collection and analysis. A sample of eighty four respondents was selected; among them were fifty four secondary school students, nine secondary school teachers and twenty diploma in education second year students. Three types of data collection methods were used and these are questionnaire, observation and documentation. The study revealed seven common morpho-syntactic errors among the students. The revealed morpho-syntactic errors include; errors related to wrong use of verbs, subordination and coordination errors, pronoun errors, preposition errors, double subject marking errors, determiner errors and plural formation errors. Moreover, the study identified seven factors which facilitate learners to commit such errors. These factors are interference of Kiswahili, inheritance difficulty of English, inadequate exposure to the language use, incompetent models, poor implementation of the syllabus, neglecting students‟ affective domain and disvaluing and maltreatment of learners‟ errors. On top of that, it was discovered that teachers prefer the use of indirect corrective feedback when they mark written assignments while explicit and recast are the most applied techniques in handling students‟ oral errors.
Content evaluation of English-Kiswahili translations: the case study of the constitution of Tanzania
(The University of Dodoma, 2012) Boniphace, Alphonce M
This study sought to evaluate the content of the constitution of URT translated from English into Kiswahili. It specifically focused on the identification of the problems which translators experienced when translating and analyzing the challenges faced by the translators. Moreover, it discussed the factors which may contribute to the quality of translation or information. The data were collected through documentary review, questionnaires and interviews. The study used both purposive and simple random sampling techniques and a total number of 50 informants were used as sample size. In analyzing the data, the study used both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The findings of the study indicated that the translators of the URT constitution experienced problems such as overtranslation, undertranslation, mistranslation and zero translation. It was also found that there were challenges that led to those problems which included language incompetence, translator`s interest and negligence, poor proofreading and editing, Others were lack of adequate equivalents and cultural differences. Through this study, it is recommended that for the betterment and quality translation, translators should form a kind of association which will be proofreading and editing. Translators to be trained should have a good command of the relevant languages to address cultural differences.
The structure of the Nyiha noun phrase
(The University of Dodoma, 2012) Bukuku, Josphat D
This study seeks to provide an analytical description of noun phrase structure in Nyiha. In its endeavour, this study documents the morphological forms and the lexical items related to the noun phrase constructions in Nyiha. The primary data for this study was collected from Ruanda village in Iyula ward in Mbozi district, Mbeya region.The target population was all the native adult speakers of Nyiha aged between 35 to 70 years. Sources of data included oral literature, documentary and Noun Phrase (NP) questionnaires. The study based on investigating the several different elements which are part of the noun phrase, the way they agree with the head noun, and how they co-occur in the noun phrase. In this juncture, the study intended to move a step forward from which the view on concords across Bantu languages to the analysis of the noun phrase elements within an NP can be refered to. As scholars have paid less attention to the syntax of the noun and its dependents (Rugemalira 2007), then the analysis of the order of the elements in Nyiha NP was so crucial. What was found in this study is that the dominant order of the elements in a Nyiha noun phrase is Noun+Demonstrative/Possessive+Numeral/Quantifier+Relative (N + Dem/ Poss+ Num/Quant + Rel). This implies that possessive and demonstrative can precede one another and likewise Num and Quant. Also in this language other elements in the noun phrase can hardly precede the headword (noun).
Assessment of English language input in Tanzanian community-based secondary schools: the case of Dodoma region
(The University of Dodoma, 2012) Nyinge, Daud
The present study assessed English language input in Tanzanian Community-based Secondary Schools. Specifically, it sought to examine whether the input is both adequate and accurate. The study was carried out using questionnaires and interview techniques. Observation and documentation techniques were also employed for the same. A total number of 55 form three students and 9 English teachers drawn from Dodoma urban, Bahi, Chamwino, Kongwa and Mpwapwa districts in Dodoma region constituted the sample of the research in question. Data analysis involved descriptive analysis and simple statistics using tables and charts to indicate the frequencies. The findings revealed problems pertaining to inaccurate English language input in terms of pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary and communicative function (meaning). Similarly, it was also discovered that students are hardly exposed to English input both at school and in the informal setting. Such situations gravely deter the students from mastering the language. To arrest such situations, all educational planners and practitioners have to address such discrepancies with vigour and zeal
Factors affecting effective teaching and learning English in Tanzania ward secondary schools: a case study of Rungwe district
(The University of Dodoma, 2013) Mwakinyolobi, Furaha S.
The study was carried out to examine the factors affect effective teaching and learning English in ward secondary schools at Rungwe Districts in Mbeya Region. Seven ward community secondary schools and district educational office (secondary) were visited. 404 respondents were selected randomly and purposefully to form the population sample for the study. For the sake of confidentiality, the researcher used alphabetical letters A, B, C, D, E, F, and G to represent the names of those secondary schools. The respondents included heads of schools, subject teachers and form II up to form IV students from all seven secondary schools. All those schools were day school except D secondary school which was owned jointly by three districts named Rungwe, Kyela and Ileje. That school had hostels; hence parents were contributing money for food. The instrument used to collect data were questionnaires, unstructured interviews, observation and documentation that were data relevant to the study. The outcome showed that poor infrastructure, low quality of teachers, lack of teaching learning resources, shortage of competent English language teachers, lack of motivations to teachers and students, lack of confidence, incompetence in phonology and grammar, and lack of exposure to English affect teaching and learning English in secondary schools, specifically in ward secondary schools. In addition to the above shortcomings the research revealed that English as medium of instructions in Tanzanian secondary schools is so active to teachers and students; instead Swahili language has dominated most of the activities that are taking place within the school compound. The situation of ineffectiveness of English in secondary schools affects to a great extent, the teaching and learning of English.
Naming system and gender construction in safwa ethnic group
(The University of Dodoma, 2013) Kibona, Neema
This research aimed at exploring the naming system and gender construction in Safwa ethnic group. The study was conducted through the interviews and focus group discussion which provided the primary data, where by the semi structured questions were administered to the respondents who gave the required information concerning this study, and library reading which gave the experience on how other researchers have discovered in issues related to my study. The study area was Mbeya rural specifically in the two divisions which are Usongwe and Tembela. It was guided by three questions: (1) what are common names in Safwa ethnic group and how do these names relate to gender construction? (2) What is the relationship between the meaning of the name and the behavior of the person called that name? (3)What is the relationship between the naming system and language? Research findings show that Safwa people give names which are typically meaningful and are depending to a certain reason. It was also discovered that, there is a big relationship between the meaning of the name and the behavior of the person called that name, especially when the name is given during adulthood. Apart from this it was revealed that naming system and language can not be separated because there are no names without language and through names one can get a certain meaning and know the culture of the area where the name is used.
The impact of text messaging on the acquisition of Standard English writing in Tanzania: a study of higher learning institutions in Dodoma municipality
(The University of Dodoma, 2013) Ramadhani, Zubeda
Text message also referred to as 'text messaging' or 'texting' have become the preferred mode of interpersonal communication among young people at the turn of the 20th century (Thurlow 2011). This study aimed at investigating the impact of SMS/text messages on the acquisition of Standard English writing in Tanzania. The general objective of this particular study was to explore the distinctive linguistic features of text messages used by university undergraduate students and their impact on the acquisition of Standard English writing at higher learning institution in Tanzania. In carrying out this study, Communication Accommodation Theory by Giles (1987) was applied. The area of study was Dodoma Municipality located in Dodoma region and the focus was on higher learning institutions. This study involved a total of 80 respondents. Gender was considered in the distribution of respondents. Data were gathered through questionnaire, telephone survey and documentary review. Data based on questionnaires were analyzed through SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) in terms of descriptive statistics. Basically the study employed both qualitative approach and quantitative approach. The findings of this study clearly show that text messaging is characterized by both standard and non standard language, though non standard language seems to be the greatest feature of students‟ text messages. General effects of text messaging on acquisition of standard English writing in particular is seen to be as a result of the nature of text messaging which give rise to more abbreviated language. Hence the researcher recommends that educational practitioners should stamp out the use of language by finding effective ways to improve and enable students acquire sensitivity towards appropriate use of language in a specific situation.
An assessment of instrumental and integrative orientations among learners of English language in ward secondary schools: a case of Musoma and Butiama districts
(The University of Dodoma, 2013) Christopher, Masoma
For every action that someone does, desires a motivation and a goal for that action. Students in secondary schools when learning a foreign language should have good environment and an ample time to motivate them in order to fulfill their learning orientations. This study was focused on the assessment of instrumental and integrative orientations among learner of English language in ward secondary school in Musoma District and Butiama District. In addition, the study anticipated to diagnose the students’ attitudes towards learning English language in ward secondary schools. 144 students played a role in completing a questionnaire reflecting their orientations for learning English language as well as students’ attitudes towards learning English language. Additionally 48 students in the interview, revealed their orientations and their attitudes towards learning English language. Again in the interview, 12 teachers of English, 6 academic masters/mistresses and the DEO were involved to extend considerate and clarification of the results. The data revealed that students in both Musoma and Butiama districts have a higher degree of instrumental orientation compared to integrative orientation. Different from other related studies, poor learning environment found to be in the first position in terms of challenges related to students’ motivation. The study provides the findings and recommendations which are very important to teachers of English, curriculum developers, the Ministry of Education and Vocational Training as well as to further scholars are provided. Lastly, it is expected that the findings of this study could be of much assistance for evolving teaching and learning English language in the MBDs students.
Language change in Tanzanian film industry
(The University of Dodoma, 2013) Philemon, Edwin
This study aimed at investigating on language change in Tanzanian film industry. The study was guided by three objectives namely: to examine the status of language use in Tanzanian film industry before and after 1961; to examine the factors and reasons for language change in Tanzanian movies; and to investigate the impacts of language change in Tanzanian movies. The study was conducted in Dar es Salaam City involving movies acted before and after 1961 up to date. Also, the study involved actors and actresses, producers, directors and distributors. The data of the study were collected through documentary review and interview methods. The data collected were analyzed descriptively and comparatively. The findings of the study revealed that the number of movies produced after 1961 in the country in which communication takes place in more than one language has increased substantially. It was also realized from the findings that there are many factors that contribute to the language change in Tanzanian movies which comprise of free economy, sponsors demand, social reality, co-production, complementary kind of translation, contextual factor, and imitation from outside. The study also implied that there are positive and negative impact of language change in Tanzanian movies. For positive impact there is economic gains; and for negative impact there are identity deconstruction and semantic confusion.
Gender stereotype portrayal in Tanzania newspapers
(The University of Dodoma, 2013) Menford, Adamson
The study examined gender stereotype portrayal in Tanzania newspapers. The study aimed at examining the way language used in headlines and advertisements of newspapers is influenced by gender stereotype in the society. The study also examined the way pictures associated with advertisements are influenced by gender stereotype. Several headlines and advertisements from newspapers were examined. Also twenty female and twenty male respondents were interviewed to obtain their views concerning gender stereotype portrayal in Tanzania newspapers. Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) and Feminist Social Construction theory were used to analyze the headlines and advertisements in the newspapers namely Nipashe, Majira, Tanzania daima, Mwananchi, Sani, Ijumaa, Dimba and Mwanaspoti. The analysis of headlines and advertisements in these advertisements revealed that women are negatively presented rather than men in newspapers through language used in both headlines and advertisements. Journalists employed some derogative terminologies in the headlines to portray women negatively and in disregarding manner. The study also revealed that there is unequal portrayal between men and women in various matters whereby men are portrayed in critical issues that imply success while women are portrayed much in personal issues and beauty. Also women were still portrayed in traditional stereotyped jobs, as sexual objects and dependent in which women were portrayed as economically weak. Pictures associated with advertisements of newspapers also portrayed women as objects of pleasure that attract the attention of men to use or buy a certain commodity but in some instances women pictures portrayed women as the objects of sexual pleasure. Newspapers like other forms of media reinforce gender inequality through their portrayals as result the society members generate negative attitudes towards women. Thus the study recommends all stake holders to play part in fighting against gender stereotypes in newspapers.
The contribution of media to growth and distortion of Kiswahili in Tanzania
(The University of Dodoma, 2013) Mwisongo, Eusebius G
The purpose of this study was to find the contribution of media to both the growth and distortion of Kiswahili in Tanzania. The study was conducted in Dodoma Municipality and it employed three methods of data collection. These are interview, observation and corpus linguistics. In structured interview questions were administered to respondents. The researcher made some observation through watching EATV and listening to Clouds FM radio to see how language is used in the named media. Also forty copies of different informal newspapers (Ijumaa, Ijumaa Wikienda, Risasi, Uwazi, Kiu, Sani, Amani, and Jumatatu) were collected in the corpus and a careful examination of language use was done. The findings show that there is incorrect use Kiswahili in the media especially the kind of lexicon and sentence structure used. The study further revealed that media today has three major roles, which are: the major agent of language distortion, an agent of language change and the agent of language growth. It does so through the kind of language it uses especially the lexicon and the sentence structure. It was also revealed that the non formal language used by the media has negative impacts to the Kiswahili speech community especially the young generation. Lastly, the findings show that most old people have negative attitude towards the use of the non formal language in the media while the young generation seem to be some how positive.
Challenges of critical pedagogy in English language teaching in Tanzania secondary schools
(The University of Dodoma, 2013) Zacharia, Kapaya J
This is a study report on challenges of CP in English language teaching in Tanzanian Secondary schools. The report is organized in four chapters: introduction; literature review, research methodology; study findings; conclusion and recommendations respectively. The study involved the investigation on whether the CP approach is applied in teaching English language in Tanzania, assessing the benefits and challenges where CP is applied, and proposing appropriate strategies on adopting the approach into local situations. The study employs a case study design involving data collection which involved the use of questionnaires, interview, documentary review and observation as the methods of data collection. The other sources were the internet and newspapers. The data were analyzed and have been presented in chapter 4 of this report. The study reveals that CP is applied in few Tanzanian secondary schools in teaching English language, and these few are private owned schools as the teaching and learning environment in some of these schools somewhat favours the use of CP. The study depict that 85 % of teachers know nothing about CP, 4% employ CP without knowing its technical term and 11% know something about this approach. The study shows that CP has a lot of benefits in teaching English language. It is student cantered approach, it makes learning interesting and motivating, it makes students independent and confident, etc, Despite these advantages, the findings also reveal some challenges of CP in ELT such as lack of competence among teachers, lack of instructional media etc .The researcher is of the opinion that the method that calls for critical literacy may be one of the factors that might help to raise the performance of EL in Secondary School in Tanzania.
The socio-economic contributions of the Nyamwezi migration to Pemba island from 1890 to 1960s
(The University of Dodoma, 2013) Amour, Othman K
This study covers the Nyamwezi people who have been living in Pemba Island since 1890. Its purpose is to understand the socio-economic contributions made by the Nyamwezi people in Pemba. The major survey was done in five different sample villages in the northern part of Pemba Island, where Nyamwezi people settled for many years. Different data collection methods were used in this study, such as interviews, questionnaires, focus group discussions and some published and unpublished documents from libraries and the Zanzibar National Archives. The study reaffirmed that the people of Zanzibar emanate from Bantu and Asiatic origins, now called the Swahili. The involvement of the Nyamwezi people in the history of Pemba resulted in the creation of a specific group of people leading to the rise of a mixed population who share not only blood but also, color and identity. The study also, looked into the various aspects of the relationship between the Nyamwezi and the indigenous people of Pemba Island, such as attitudes and perceptions, economic activity, environmental degradation, cultural changes, as well as increase in population. The study found that the Nyamwezi migrated to Pemba Island in search for new settlements which could enhance their socioeconomic development. They involved themselves in trading activities, searching for jobs in government departments, and engaged in self employment as well as other economic opportunities available in Pemba.
Factors influencing language shift from Gorowa to Kiswahili: a case study of Babati district
(The University of Dodoma, 2013) Sarwatt, Bura A
This study examines patterns of language use among a group of Gorowa children, youths and elders to establish whether Kiswahili is thriving or the local languages are threatened by a potential shift. This study was intended to investigate the factors influencing language shift from Gorowa to Kiswahili and the importance it has, and the negative effects of language shift or Kiswahili usage on Gorowa community in Babati district. The main techniques employed in data collection are questionnaires, sociolinguistic interview and participatory technique. The findings from these techniques were integrated in categories of interest when an analysis of the data was done manually by the means of qualitative, it also involved with simple use of (spss) as a quantitative method. The findings of this study indicated steady language shift from Gorowa to Kiswahili whereby seven domains were investigated only one was still reserved for Gorowa by at least 15% of the informants that was 02 informants among 40 informants. The results show that, while most users still consider themselves bi / multilingual and therefore supporting the argument for a thriving Kiswahili situation, the functions these users allocate the indigenous languages are quite limited. The factors influencing the shift of indigenous language include, among others, national language policies, educational levels, marriages (inter-ethnic or intra-ethnic) and users‘ attitudes towards the languages, the amount of pressure or attraction from the new language in question.This study revealed that language shift do not necessarily die just because their speakers die but language also die, and often so,as a result of shift of allegiance by their speakers to other languages. How fast shifts depends on the amount of pressure or attraction from the language that receives allegiance. The extent to which Kiswahili has penetrated Gorowa community though makes it difficult to put a clear boundary between domains which Gorowa is solely used and which Kiswahili is used. It was also evident that, there was a speed grew negative and indifferent attitude among the people towards Gorowa, especially among younger and educated speakers leaving alone poor transmition of language among children. The extent of language shift was also demonstrated through aspects of negative attitudes and language used in different domains which are more obvious among younger generation and educated speakers. In the light of such results it was concluded that Gorowa is in worse situation as its speakers, especially the linguistically influential young and educated gradually shift to Kiswahili. Though this study focused specifically on one language (Gorowa) similar shift is presumably found in most Tanzanian ECLs due to ‗Swahilization‘the big presuure of Kiswahili over ECLs as national language policy especially in education, administration and media. The researcher recommands strategic measures and efforts be applied to go about language and cultural distraction that the community is in.

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