Chapters in a book

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Unhappy Objects: Colonial Violence, Maasai Materialities, and the Affective Publics of Ethnographic Museums.
(Routledge, 2023) Inavov, P.; Moko, K. L.; Bens, J.
Taking point from Sarah Ahmed’s conception of “happy objects”, this chapter interprets ethnographic objects from colonial contexts in European museums as “unhappy objects.” As such, they both create unhappiness for different publics and are unhappy themselves. Focusing on ethnographic objects from Maasai communities in northern Tanzania, currently in the collections of the Ethnologisches Museum in Berlin, this chapter explores the Indigenous conception of ing’weni, which understands these entities as “subjects” with agency that bring misfortune both to the Maasai and to German society. This conception is compared with the emotional debates on ethnographic museums, and especially on the Humboldt Forum in Berlin, in European publics. The analysis reveals that while Maasai conceptions gesture toward colonialism as a contemporary phenomenon, European affective publics tend to deny the full scope of ongoing colonialism.
Cluster development initiatives in promoting small and medium enterprises in Tanzania
(Springer International Publishing, 2021) Francis, B. S.; Mwakalobo, A.; Nguyahambi, A. M.
This paper examined the implementation status of Cluster Development Initiatives (CDIs) in promoting Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Singida, Mbeya and Morogoro regions of Tanzania. Although much has been written on the contribution of CDIs in promoting SMEs, little attention has been given by scholars on the implementation status of CDIs particularly in Tanzania. In filling this knowledge gap, this paper focused on examining the implementation of technology, training, networking and capital supports. A cross-sectional research design with simple random sampling techniques were employed where by 150 SMEs owners in clusters were surveyed and key informants were interviewed for primary data. Both quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed by One Way ANOVA and thematic analysis respectively. The findings revealed that Implementation of CDIs supports in the study area was high on training and inadequate on capital with mean scores of .4819 and .2478 across both regions and clusters with statistically no significant difference at P Value = 0.18 and significant at P Value = 0.000 respectively in promoting SMEs. However, small loan sizes, long processes in loan processing and high reliance on donor funded projects were the major challenges on CDIs. It was concluded that CDIs have great potential towards promoting SMEs yet; it has not been explored and utilized to the maximum. It was therefore recommended that, policy makers via the responsible ministry should device a national strategy to provide clear guidance to all stakeholders as well as mainstreaming CDIs implementation in Local Government Authorities (LGAs) and special government budgets.
Fostering fertilizer use and welfare distribution in Tanzania: implica-tions for policy and practice
(IntechOpen, 2018) Mwinuka, Lutengano
This chapter attempts to assess the way the welfare effect is distributed among various players of the fertilizer supply chain and how fertilizer use can be promoted using micro fertilization technology. As policy debates over fertilizer use promotion have not yet come full circle, this chapter derives important implications for policy and practice. In particular, illustrations and economic-surplus effects framework were used to indicate expected impacts of fertilizer microdosing on crop yields and welfare. Lowdimension diagrammatic analysis using supply and demand curves was used together with detailed assessment of actors’ interactions in the fertilizer supply chain. In terms of welfare, crop producers, consumers and other market agents gain more if fertilizer microdosing is adopted by farmers. However, the magnitude of welfare effects varies as the slope of demand and supply curves change due to marginal fertilizer costs, crop prices and yield responses. Other influencing factors are soil moisture, the microdose rate, cropping system and general farm management practices. Thus, fertilizer microdosing can easily foster fertilizer use if the country elites implement a rational consistent policy, hence improving the welfare of players if adoption of the technology is reinforced with an efficient fertilizer supply chain.
Impact assessment of post-harvest repayment deducfions on sugarcane out-growers’ profitability: a case study of Ruembe cane growers asso-ciafion
(Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa, 2011) Mwinuka, Lutengano
This study was conducted at the Kilombero sugarcane out-growers’ scheme under the Ruembe Cane Growers Association (RCGA). It investigated the impact of post-harvest repayment deductions on sugarcane out-growers’ profitability through identifying benefits to farmers participating in the scheme, assessing their profitability, and analysing costs to sugarcane out-growers. A structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Profitability analysis was done by calculating the farmers’ gross revenues, gross cost and profit (both with and without ‘unnecessary deductions’). There were significant differences in farmers’ profitability, between all deductions included and ‘unnecessary deductions’ excluded. The analysis shows enough evidence that the ‘unnecessary deductions’ identified (Tanzania Sugarcane Growers Association, TASGA and government ‘CESS’ levy) had a significant impact on farmers’ final profits. In addition, farmers have been subject to many deductions and higher costs regarding their general involvement in cane production, compared with other crops, and with less help from the association management. Farmers participating in the sugarcane out-growers’ scheme benefited through a guaranteed market for their canes (the factory), price determination and negotiation by the Association, the possibility of getting loans and other credit facilities, and a guarantee of infrastructure services during the rainy season. However, double payments, duplicate roles of some deductions, and high transport costs because of inaccurate farm registration are some of the problems that need to be evaluated and addressed for Tanzanian sugarcane out-growers.
Participation of women local political leaders in water services in Tanzania
(Springer, 2021) Makalanga, L. B.
Purpose: This paper develops a basis for women political leaders’ participation in improving water services. To achieve this, the paper is guided by objectives; to examine the status of water sources, to examine the strategies used by women political leaders and to examine community members’ perceptions on water services in the study councils. Methodology: Descriptive research design was used. A cluster sampling technique was used to obtain 3 wards, 3 villages and 3 mitaa (Mtaa (in singular) Mitaa in (Plural) means a lowest government administrative structure in an urban area in Tanzania which include a number of streets). 390 household heads were drawn from the population and data collected were analyzed and presented in tables. Findings: The findings revealed that, women political leaders influenced decisions affecting the accessibility of water supply. As a result, water sources were improved through different strategies and community members satisfied with the water services provided. Research Implications: The study focused on women political leaders in selected villages/mitaa in local government authorities in Tanzania. Practical Implication: The knowledge advanced in this study will inform women political leaders the capacity they have in influencing decisions related to water services in their respective localities. Social Implication: The information generated from the study, will help decision makers and development practitioners to provide more opportunities where women can contest for community development. Originality: The present study lies in gender and development framework on water services. It inform the government and community at large, the capacity women have in influencing decisions for community services.
Politics of emotions in Tanzania: Analyzing global citizenship education through secular and religious lenses
(Francis & Taylor Group, 2019-08-14) Msangi, Sabrina Eliya; Kayombo, Joel Jonathan
This chapter presents an analysis of the intersectionalities between politics of emotions and Global Citizenship Education (GCE) in Tanzania. As we walk through the walls, we analyze such intersectionalities at different levels, namely; the micro-system immediate interpersonal relationship such as family, etc.; the mesosystem individual with a bit larger social connection such as schools; the exosystem the larger social system such as policy-making bodies, and chronosystem one’s relationships and interaction over/across time. Through secular and religious lenses, we argue that the politics of emotions creates hard spaces in the integration of global citizenship values in the Tanzanian context.
Integrated assessment of climate change impacts and adaptation in agriculture: The case study of the Wami river sub-basin, Tanzania
(Springer International Publishing, 2020) Tumbo, Siza D; Mutabazi, Khamaldin D.; Mourice, Sixbert K.; Msongaleli, Barnabas M.; Wambura, Frank J.; Mzirai, Omari B.; Kadigi, Ibrahim L.; Kahimba, Frederick C.; Mlonganile, Peter; Ngongolo, Hashim K.; Sangalugembe, Chuki; Rao, Karuturi P. C.; Valdivia, Roberto O.
This study evaluates the impacts of climate change and an adaptation strategy on agriculture in the Wami River sub-basin in Tanzania. This study uses the Agricultural Model Improvement and Inter-comparison Project (AgMIP) framework that integrates climate, crops and economic models and data using a novel multi-model approach for impact assessment of agricultural systems under current and future conditions. This study uses five Global Circulation Models (GCMs) from the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project (CMIP5), two crop simulation models, and one economic impact assessment model. In this study, a representative agricultural pathways (RAP) that characterises future conditions following ‘business-as-usual’ trends was developed and used to model future agricultural systems in the Wami River sub-basin. Results show that by mid-century, the maximum and minimum temperatures will increase by 1.8–4.1 °C and 1.4–4.6 °C, respectively. Rainfall is predicted to be variable with some places projected to increase by 12%, while in other areas it is projected to decrease by 14–28%. Maize yields under these conditions are projected to decrease by 5.3–40.7%. Results show that under current conditions, 50–60% of farm households are vulnerable to losses due to climate change. The impacts of climate change on poverty and per capita income are also projected to be negative. Under the current production system, poverty rates were projected to increase by 0.8–15.3% and per-capita income to drop by 1.3–7.5%. Future socio-economic conditions and prices offset the negative impacts of climate change. Under future conditions, the proportion of households vulnerable to loss is estimated to range from 25 to 50%. Per-capita income and poverty rates are expected to improve under the future climate change conditions. Poverty rates would decrease between 1.9 and 11.2% and income per-capita would increase between 2.6 and 18.5%. The proposed future adaptation package will further improve household livelihoods. This integrated assessment of climate change projections using the improved methods and tools developed by AgMIP has contributed to a better understanding of climate change and adaptation impacts in a holistic manner.
Neoliberalism, economic crisis, and domestic coffee marketing in Tanzania
(Springer Nature, 2020) Kessy, Ambrose T.
This chapter presents an analysis of the economic crisis of neoliberalism with a focus on the growth of the coffee industry in Tanzania. It explicates the economic and political crises of neoliberalism with a focus on the transformation of coffee industry and the reproduction of weak cooperative societies in Tanzania as opposed to the predictions of dispersal of the political and economic power of neoliberal transitions. At the center of this analysis is the critical issue regarding the effects of neoliberal policies on the rural economy, taking the coffee industry as a case study. The chapter first looks at the commencement of the private marketing and charts the transformation of the coffee industry in Tanzania. An extensive body of literature has shown that for the past few years the government of Tanzania has initiated some interventions in the country’s coffee industry, all aimed at fighting the grain of neoliberal market reform. The chapter then explains the impact of the subsequent economic crisis in Tanzania, which resulted in the decline of the coffee sector. It also describes these changes and locates them in the broader literature on neoliberal reforms in Tanzania and how neoliberal policies have affected cooperatives which were once the key agents for coffee marketing. The chapter concludes by showing how neoliberal crises in the form of economic crisis can create opportunities for reassessing the relationship between private capital and the state capital in revamping the coffee sector. Thus, exports of coffee contribute hugely to the growth of the Tanzanian economy.
A good believer is a good citizen: connecting Islamic morals with civic virtues in rural Tanzania
(Routledge, 2019) Nguyahambi, Ajali M.; Kontinen, Tiina
Religious communities as arenas for public life are prevalent examples of social embeddedness that need not to be excluded from the design of citizenship initiatives. Across sub-Saharan Africa, religious practices provide some of the most important spaces of everyday identity, belonging and prevailing ways in which citizens participate in community life. While there is expansion in research on Islamic radicalization in East Africa, this chapter approaches religion and faith from the pragmatist point of view focusing on everyday Islam in non-radicalized rural contexts. Based on interviews with rural community members in Kondoa district, Tanzania, the chapter analyses how community members articulate what it means to be simultaneously a good believer and a good citizen.
Who should slaughter animals and poultry? Rethinking the tensions between Muslims and Christians in Tanzania
(Taylor & Francis, 2019) Makulilo, Alexander B.
This chapter revisits the tension between Muslims and Christians in Tanzania. Although Tanzania is often associated with mutual co-existence between Muslims and Christians, there have been incidents that threaten human security in the country. The chapter particularly focuses on tensions over the right to slaughter animals and poultry, paying much attention to the 2013 incidences in Buseresere in Geita region. It notes that while there is a law which specifies where and how slaughtering should take place, as well as fees to be payable to persons slaughtering animals or birds, there is no law which states who has the right to slaughter such animals or birds, let alone from which religious affiliation. This legal lacuna has at times left it open for religious groups to compete over the right to slaughter animals and poultry. In order to accomplish this endeavour, this chapter relies largely on the analysis of legal materials as well as interviews of key stakeholders. The chapter demonstrates the need for tolerance and dialogue in order to promote human security.
Contextualizing citizenship in Tanzania
(Routledge, 2019) Nguyahambi, Ajali M.; Matunga, Benta N.; Kilonzo, Rehema G.; Kontinen, T.; Chang`a, Haji H.
This chapter describes selected features of the contemporary Tanzania that form the context for learning of citizenship in civil society. The chapter grasps the contextual conditions and circumstances of citizenship in Tanzania by looking at historical evolvement of the notion of development, maendeleo, over the period from colonial eras to the postcolonial single-party system to the contemporary multiparty democracy. The chapter continues with analyses of the moments of donor enthusiasm for civil society and NGOs and the recent debates on the shrinking space of civil society. Essentially, different stages present different idea of an ideal citizen and also different efforts in order to shape citizens by state and civil society organizations. It further reflects on how the traces of these developments might show in today’s citizenship habits including patterns of participation and citizenship identities, not only vis-á-vis the state but also other groups and forums where rights and responsibilities are negotiated, and thus, active citizenship is constructed.
Social accountability monitoring as an approach to promoting active citizenship in Tanzania
(Routledge, 2019) Nguyahambi, Ajali M.; Chang'a, Haji H.
Social accountability monitoring (SAM) is an approach widely employed by many civil society organizations to promote active participation of people in governance processes, especially in the context where government traditionally is dominant governance actor. This chapter scrutinizes certain attempts to promote change in current citizenship habits obtained through different forms of participation. It discusses how implementation of SAM initiatives encounters multiple context-based factors that affect the expected outcomes. The discussions draw illustrative experiences from local NGO working in Kondoa district to promote change of state-citizens relations in order to improve service delivery in the health sector. The chapter analyses the ways in which the implementation of SAM both promotes and hinders citizens’ active participation focusing on the balance between ideal model and reality during its implementation in Tanzania.
Habits of contributing citizenship: self-help groups in rural Tanzania
(Routledge, 2019) Matunga, Benta N.; Chang'a, Haji H.; Kontinen, Tiina; Kilonzo, R. G.
The chapter examines self-help groups in rural Tanzania as practices in which citizenship habits are formed. Self-help groups are referred as locally organized groups established to address the needs and challenges of the members. From the point of view of pragmatism, self-help groups provide concrete examples of a specific form of associated life and of a general human activeness in addressing shared problems. Based on interviews and focus-group discussions conducted in Kondoa district with local self-help groups, the characteristics of these practices are analyzed through three themes: the kinds of shared problems the groups address, the governance of internal interaction of the groups, and the sorts of participants included. Based on our analysis, we suggest a habit of contributing citizenship emerging out of the participation in self-help groups.
Resident hunting ban in Serengeti district and Its implications to people’s livelihood and Wildlife Population. In wildlife population monitoring
(IntechOpen., 2019) Kaswamila, A. L.; Mwakipesile, A. E.
In 2002 Serengeti District Council entered an agreement with Singita Grumeti Reserve Limited to ban resident hunting by compensating the District Council TZS 460 million (USD 200,000) per annum. This study assessed the implications of the ban on communities’ livelihood and wildlife populations in the district. Up to 2011 about TZS 1.7 trillion (USD 727, 000) had been paid to the District Council. Findings reveal that communities were not involved in the decision and that the ban had mixed results on community livelihood. Communities mentioned provision of development infrastructures and students’ scholarship and increase of game species as benefits emanating from the ban. Denial to access game meat, increased destructive wildlife particularly elephants, misallocation of funds by the Council, increased food insecurity, and killings of people by wildlife were perceived as costs. The study concludes that the ban has significantly boosted the Council’s revenues and increased wildlife populations. However, communities have been denied their constitutional rights of hunting and access to cheap source of protein. Further, communities have witnessed increased human-elephant conflict and food insecurity. The study recommends involvement of communities in such major decisions affecting people’s livelihood and the need for research before implementing such a decision.

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