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Item Going back to the roots: ubuntu and just conservation in southern Africa(Wolters Kluwer, 2022) Mabele, Mathew Bukhi; Krauss, Judith E; Kiwango, WilhelmGiven growing human influence on the earth system's functioning, caring for nature has never been this critical. However, whether for economic interests or ‘wilderness’ preservation, attempts to save nature have been grounded on a Western scientific philosophy of separating it from people's ways of living, especially through ‘protected areas'. Under the banner ‘convivial conservation', which advocates socio-ecological justice and structural transformations in the global economic system, an alternative idea called ‘promoted areas’ has been proposed, advocating for conservation which promotes nature for, to, and by humans. Here, we argue that ‘promoted areas’ are best fitted with decolonial thinking in conservation science and practice. In southern Africa, one available ‘decolonial option’ is Ubuntu philosophy, which is anchored on the ethical principle of promoting life through mutual caring and sharing between and among humans and nonhumans. Ubuntu disengages from western ways of knowing about human–environment interactions, as it is predicated on promoting the many links between humans and nonhumans. From this, we argue that instituted through Ubuntu, ‘promoted areas’ re-initiate a harmony between human beings and physical nature, as practices of individualistic, excessive extractions of nonhuman nature are discouraged, and human–nonhuman relationships based on respect, solidarity, and collaboration are celebrated.Item Efficacy of Dance in Tanzanian Films: A Quest for the Intentional and Desired Effect in Local Productions(University of Dar es Salaam, 2023) Ndunguru, D.This article argues that the depiction of dance in Tanzanian films, popularly known as Bongo movies, can be intentional and achieve the desired effect when correctly depicted, which appears to be lacking in some of the locally-produced films. The inclusion of dance in films is a common practice in many film-making traditions across the world. Dance in film serves both aesthetic and practical purposes. This qualitative study applied a descriptive survey and multiple case study research designs to collect data using analytical viewing, interviews and Focus Group Discussions. The data were then subjected to thematic coding and interpretation. Guided by the Symbolic Interaction theory (SI), the study advances a triad of dance functions evident in Tanzanian films: Base of a plot, dream sequencing, and picturisation. The study determined the dance’s role in these films to be somewhat incidental than intended even though the dances featuring in Tanzanian films have use-value. Thus, there is a need for filmmakers to ensure that the dance is intentional and correctly depicted to achieve the desired significant use in communicating salient ideas.Item Perception and Attitude of Community Members on Psychotic Disorders in Temeke District, Tanzania(Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2023) Diyammi, P. M.The present research project aimed at examining the discernment of the public regarding psychotic illnesses in the Temeke area, Tanzania. The following questions were answered by the findings of the study. What are the community members‟ perceptions of psychotic disorders? What are the community members‟ attitudes to people suffering from psychotic disorders? Both quantitative and qualitative approaches were used simultaneously. It was a descriptive study that collected information from neighbors of the selected people with psychotic disorders in this area for the investigation. In the course of the research undertaking, eighty mentally ill people were purposively designated from the psychiatric clinic of the Temeke Hospital in 2020. Two neighbors emanating from all experimented patients were purposively selected from distinct households to take part in the study as main informers. Hence, the study had 160 respondents. Through data obtained via questionnaires and interviews, the study noted that community members had negative perceptions and attitudes towards psychotic disorders. Generally, they could see psychosis as a humiliating sickness, a sign of failure in life. They believed psychosis was caused by witchcraft and therefore, they could not maintain close relations with the patients. There is a need to educating community members on facts about psychotic disorders to increase their awareness and improve their perception and attitude towards people with psychotic challenges.Item The role of work-integrated learning in developing work readiness: Insights from Tanzania(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2023) Marijani, R.; Katomero, J.; Hayeshi, A.; Kajerero, J.This study investigated the role of work-integrated learning (WIL) programmes in developing work readiness among graduates of higher learning institutions in Tanzania. The Tanzania Public Service College was used as a case study. The authors investigated students’, employers’ and college trainers’ perspectives about WIL programmes. The study used a descriptive research design which included in-depth interviews with ten employers, focus group discussions with twenty college trainers and a questionnaire administered to 1,361 post-placement students. Of these stu dents, 728 completed the questionnaire, a response rate of 53.5%. A literature review on WIL was also undertaken, including on the role of technical and vocational education and training. The findings clearly show that participation in WIL programmes is useful to students in terms of non-academic learning and career development, particularly when they can apply the generic skills learned in the classroom to the workplace with the support of work and academic supervisors. This was confirmed on the basis of students’ knowledge and skills, workplace requirements and the relevance of tasks performed during work placements. Overall, the research findings indicate that the WIL ecosystem is valuable and worth pursuing by higher learning institutions in Tanzania. In addition, efforts to impart cognitive and socio-behavioural skills to students need to be prioritised to better prepare them for the changing nature of employment.Item Effects of land cover changes and forest fragmentation on three species of east African mini‐antelopes(Wiley, 2023) Said, M. K.; Misana, S. B.Human beings have continued to decline and fragment mini-antelopes habitats. We studied the effects of land cover change on the conservation of the endangered Ader's Duiker (Cephalophus adersi), the Zanzibar blue duiker (Cephalophus monticola sundevalli) and the Suni (Neotragus moschatus zanzibaricus) in Zanzibar, Tanzania. Data were obtained from the 1975, 2009 and 2014 satellite images and geographical information systems, focus group discussions, transect-walk and observation. We found that the habitat of mini-antelopes had declined from 87.3% to 58.5% between 1975 and 2014 and become fragmented. The forest fragments increased from 35 to 139 patches while shrubs increased from 41 to 199 patches. Community members had the perception that the decline and fragmentation of the habitat had caused the numbers of mini-antelopes and their forage to decline. We also found that there were incidences of mini-antelopes eating crop plants such as cowpeas, yams and tomatoes in the farms during the night as an adaptive mechanism for forage decline. Conclusively, land cover changes from human activities have caused negative effects on the mini-antelopes. There is, therefore need for the local people, the government and private individuals or corporations to introduce collective conservation initiatives, including the establishment of conservation areas to conserve the mini-antelopes.Item Effects of climate change and adaptation strategies on urban crop production in Kinondoni City, Tanzania(UNS Solo, 2023) Kifunda, Chiristina FelixMany countries worldwide, including Tanzania, have felt the effects of climate change on the productivity of major economic sectors, such as agriculture. This study assessed climate change's effects on urban agriculture's sustainability in Kinondoni City, Tanzania. Specifically, the study aimed to determine: i) the effects of climate change on crop production in Kinondoni City over the last 30 years, ii) other challenges of urban agriculture in Kinondoni City, and iii) adaptation strategies employed by smallholder farmers in sustainable urban agriculture in Kinondoni City. Data collection involves accessing temperature and rainfall data from Tanzania Meteorological Agency (TMA) headquarters and administering household questionnaires to 386 respondents who engaged in urban agriculture in Kinondoni City. Five wards of Bunju (118), Kunduchi (42), Mabwepande (102), Mzimuni (28) and Wazo (96) were involved. Focused group discussion, key informant interviews, and direct observation were also employed. Data were analyzed for temperature and rainfall variations over the last 30 years and people's knowledge of climate change indicators. The adaptation strategies employed in sustaining crop production in the study area were also quantified. The study reveals that most smallholder farmers (>70%) are aware of the indicators of climate change, which correlate with the data obtained from TMA. Among the indicators include an increase in temperature (76%) and a decrease in rainfall (73%). Pest and diseases were ranked higher (88%) among the significant effects of climate change on urban agriculture. Land scarcity was also a significant challenge in urban agriculture. The use of pesticides and fertilizers was ranked higher (65%) among the adaptation strategies employed by smallholder farmers. It is recommended that building capacity for smallholder farmers through getting access to micro-credits at low-interest rates and government support may contribute significantly to sustainable urban agriculture in Kinondoni City. Also, farmers in Kinondoni City can adopt sustainable agriculture practices such as Soil and Water Conservation practices and the use of Drought-Resistant Crop varieties to improve their resilience to future climate risks caused by climate change.Item Exploring Convivial Conservation in Theory and Practice: Possibilities and Challenges for a Transformative Approach to Biodiversity Conservation(Medknow, 2022) Massarella, K.; Krauss, J. E.; Kiwango, W.; Fletcher, R.Convivial conservation has been put forward as a radical alternative to transform prevailing mainstream approaches that aim to address global concerns of biodiversity loss and extinction. This special issue includes contributions from diverse disciplinary and geographical perspectives which critically examine convivial conservation’s potential in theory and practice and explore both possibilities and challenges for the approach’s transformative ambitions. This introduction focuses on three issues which the contributions highlight as critical for facilitating transformation of mainstream conservation. First, the different ways in which key dimensions of justice — epistemic, distributive, and participatory and multi-species justice — intersect with the convivial conservation proposal, and how potential injustices might be mitigated. Second, how convivial conservation approaches the potential to facilitate human and non-human coexistence. Third, how transformative methodologies and innovative conceptual lenses can be used to further develop convivial conservation. The diverse contributions show that convivial conservation has clear potential to be transformative. However, to realise this potential, convivial conservation must avoid previous proposals’ pitfalls, such as trying to ‘reinvent the wheel’ and being too narrowly focused. Instead, convivial conservation must continue to evolve in response to engagement with a plurality of perspectives, experiences, ideas and methodologies from around the world.Item Disrupting the epistemic empire is necessary for a decolonial ecology(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2023) Mabele, Mathew Bukhi; Kiwango, Wilhelm Andrew; Mwanyoka, IddiGuedes et al.1 argue that eponyms in biological nomenclature represent epistemic injustices that perpetuate the negative legacies of imperialism and colonialism in the fields of taxonomy, ecology and conservation science. We believe that their argument and proposal underscore the ongoing discussion on the need to decolonize ecology and conservation science, as Western science and expertise continue to be privileged over others2,3,4,5. This privilege is built on an epistemological and ontological failure to recognize “the different ways through which diverse people across the human globe make sense and provide meaning to their existence”6. Guedes and colleagues’ argument suggests that eponyms are part of the epistemic empire, which is bound to be biased against non-Western knowledge systems.Item Decentralization and Administrative Discretion in Tanzania: An Analysis of Administrative Discretion on Human Resources, Finance and Service Delivery(Elsevier BV, 2022) Kessy, A.Increased administrative discretion for human resource and financial management is commonly seen as a key component of efficient service delivery. However, the directive attitude of some central government officials in Tanzania undermines the administrative discretion of local councils to implement approved local plans and budgets. Using a case study of two local councils in Tanzania, this study investigated the influence of decentralization on administrative discretion and decision space. The findings show that local councils have little administrative discretion and decision space over human resources, financial management, and service delivery. The study calls for a comprehensive review of decentralization policies and local government legislation to address the allocation of powers and decision space of the institutional capacity of local councils to provide local services. Their roles and responsibilities should also be specified in the national constitution to safeguard them from the encroaching “directive culture” of central government officials.Item The production-protection nexus: How political-economic processes influence prospects for transformative change in human-wildlife interactions(Elsevier BV, 2023) Fletcher, Robert; Massarella, Kate; Ferraz, Katia M.P.M.B.; Kiwango, Wilhelm A.; Komi, Sanna; Mabele, Mathew B.; Marchini, Silvio; Nygren, Anja; Sandroni, Laila T.; Alagona, Peter S.; McInturff, AlexThis article advances a novel analytical framework for investigating the influence of political-economic processes in human-wildlife interactions (HWI) to support efforts to transform wildlife conservation governance. To date, the majority of research and advocacy addressing HWI focuses on micro-level processes, while even the small body of existing literature exploring social dimensions of such interactions has largely neglected attention to political-economic forces. This is consonant with efforts to transform conservation policy and practice more broadly, which tend to emphasize “circular” change within current political-economic structures rather than “axial” transformation aiming to transcend these structures themselves. Our analysis thus advances understanding of potential for axial transformation in HWI via confrontation with, and “unmaking” of, constraining political-economic structures. It does so through cross-site analysis of conservation policy and practice in relation to three apex predator species (lions, jaguars and wolves) in varied geographic and socio-political contexts, grounded in qualitative ethnographic study within the different sites by members of an international research team. We explore how the relative power of different political-economic interests within each case influences how the animals are perceived and valued, and how this in turn influences conservation interventions and their impact on HWI within these spaces. We term this analysis of the “production-protection nexus” (the interrelation between process of resource extraction and conservation, respectively) in rural landscapes. We emphasize importance of attention to this formative nexus both within and across specific locales in growing global efforts to transform situations of human-wildlife conflict into less contentious coexistence.Item Why the Convivial Conservation Vision Needs Complementing to be a Viable Alternative for Conservation in the Global South(Medknow, 2022) Kiwango, W. A.; Mabele, M. B.Convivial conservation is presented as an anti-capitalist approach and alternative to current mainstream conservation as well as proposals for ‘half-earth’ and ‘new conservation’ approaches. This paper reviews these approaches and situates them in the global South conservation and development context. Using the Ruaha-Rungwa Ecosystem in Tanzania as a case study, it examines elements of the convivial conservation vision in relation to three critical conservation problems: path dependencies of state conservation agencies; heavy reliance on tourism revenue; and political interests in community conservation areas. The analysis draws on empirical data obtained from published studies and extensive field-based research by the first author in the study area. It demonstrates that while the convivial conservation approach may be considered a radical and plausible alternative to the ‘half earth’ and new conservation proposals, its implementation in the global South will remain challenging in the face of the existing conservation problems. The paper suggests a socio-ecological justice approach that complements the convivial conservation vision through a systemic incorporation of the rights and responsibilities of different conservation stakeholders from the perspective of procedural, recognition, distributive, and environmental justice.Item Barriers to Corporate Social Responsibility Implementation in Tanzania: Evidence from the North Mara Gold Mine(Adonis and Abbey Publishers, 2024) Gillo, Immaculate O.; Bilame, O.; Assenga, Emiliana A.Various studies have reported barriers facing privately owned mining companies in implementing Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) practices. While this is fairly well known for private companies, the barriers faced by partly government-owned mining companies remain to be established. Therefore, this study sought to examine the barriers that inhibit the implementation of CSR practices and analyse strategies to overcome these barriers. The study was cross sectional, it involved 358 respondents selected by using a systematic random sampling technique. The data was collected using questionnaires, key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and documentary reviews. Data was analysed using descriptive analysis and content analysis. It was found that poor community involvement, improper use of CSR funds, and a lack of transparency were the major barriers to the implementation of CSR. The main strategies to improve CSR were also suggested. It is recommended to establish an independent national CSR body to manage, coordinate, and organise CSR work in Tanzania.Item Corporate social responsibility practices: insights from North Mara gold mine, Tanzania(Center for Strategic Studies in Business and Finance SSBFNET, 2023) Gillo, I; Bilame, O; Assenga, Emiliana A.The CSR practices of privately owned mining businesses have the capacity to foster the development of communities residing in proximity to the mining operations. Nevertheless, there is limited knowledge regarding the corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives undertaken by mining businesses in Tanzania that are partially owned by the government. The focus of this study was to analyze the corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives implemented by the North Mara Gold Mine in Tanzania, which is partially controlled by the government. The primary aims of this study were to assess the level of community awareness regarding Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and to analyze the CSR initiatives performed by North Mara Gold Mine among the surrounding regions. The research had a cross-sectional design and included a sample of 358 houses, which were chosen through the utilization of a systematic random selection method. The data collection process involved the utilization of many methods, including household surveys, key informant interviews, focus group talks, and documentary reviews. The data underwent examination through the utilization of descriptive statistics and content analysis techniques. The primary outcomes of the investigation indicated that a majority of the participants exhibited knowledge regarding corporate social responsibility (CSR), and demonstrated the ability to articulate and elucidate the CSR initiatives implemented by North Mara Gold Mine within their respective localities. The findings indicate that the key informants have the ability to articulate corporate social responsibility as the responsibilities of companies towards the local community residing in the vicinity of the mining operation, with the objective of enhancing the overall welfare of the community. Additionally, it was discovered that the North Mara Gold Mine has been actively engaging in the implementation of corporate social responsibility initiatives. These initiatives primarily involve providing support to the local populations residing in close proximity to the mine. The support encompasses several areas such as education, infrastructure development (including roads and sanitary facilities), healthcare, and employment opportunities. Hence, it is advisable for mining enterprises to include corporate social responsibility (CSR) strategies into their business operations and establish a dedicated CSR Foundation to oversee and manage CSR initiatives.Item Longitudinal Evaluation of the Influence of WORTH Yetu on Household Economic Status Based on the Count of Non-asset Resources for Orphaned and Vulnerable Children’s Well-being in Tanzania(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2024) Exavery, Amon; Kirigiti, Peter Josephat; Balan, Ramkumar T.; Charles, JohnThis research uniquely focused on non-assets such as living conditions and children’s quality of life as important indicators of household socioeconomic status, especially in low-income settings where acquiring assets may be challenging. The study assessed the impact of an economic empowerment programme, WORTH Yetu, on economic well-being of households caring for orphaned and vulnerable children (OVC) in Tanzania. Based on longitudinal data from the USAID Kizazi Kipya project, we counted the available non-assets at the household level for OVC well-being, including shelter conditions, clothing quality, school and medical support, and savings within households. The study included 249,655 households (70% with female caregivers) at baseline, with 247,638 of them reached at the follow-up after an average of 1.6 years. Results showed that the mean number of non-assets increased from 0.86 at baseline to 1.04 at the follow-up. Notably, households that participated in the WORTH Yetu programme increased their mean count of non-assets to 1.37 while it was 1.00 among non-participants. In the multilevel mixed-effects Poisson regression model, WORTH Yetu participants were 48% more likely to experience an increase in non-assets at the follow-up compared to non-participants (adjusted incidence-rate ratio (aIRR) = 1.48 [1.46, 1.49]), with notable differences between households with female (aIRR = 1.45 [1.43, 1.47]) and male caregivers (aIRR = 1.53 [1.50, 1.57]). Overall, the WORTH Yetu programme significantly improved the count of non-assets for OVC well-being, but the observed differences in the non-assets based on the caregiver gender suggest varied outcomes for OVC, highlighting the necessity for further research.Item Financial efficiency of major soil and water conservation measures in West Usambara highlands, Tanzania(Elsevier BV, 2005-10) A.J. Tenge; J. De graaff; J.P. HellaSoil and Water Conservation (SWC) measures are needed to control soil erosion and sustain agricultural production on steep slopes of West Usambara mountains. However, the adoption by farmers of the recommended soil and water conservation measures is low and soil erosion continues to be a problem. It could well be that the reason for the low adoption is that the costs to invest in soil and water conservation are higher than the eventual benefits. This research assessed the costs and benefits of bench terraces, grass strips and fanya juu, which are major SWC measures. Financial Cost Benefit Analysis (FCBA) was undertaken for farmers with low, moderate and high opportunity costs of labour at different slopes and soil types. The results show that labour is the major cost item in implementing SWC measures and is higher with bench terraces than with fanya juu and grass strips. The results also show that the costs of establishing the three SWC measures exceed the returns in the initial 2 years. However, in the long term, the three SWC measures are profitable to farmers with low to medium opportunity costs of labour on gentle to moderate slopes. It was also found that SWC measures are not financially attractive to most farmers with off-farm activities and other sources of income. It is concluded that high investment costs and initial negative returns are the major hindrances to the adoption of SWC measures by smallholder farmers in West Usambara mountains. Options to overcome the initial investment costs include the gradual investment in SWC measures, introduction of high value crops and small credit facilities. The promotion of dairy cattle under zero grazing system can also increase the adoption of SWC measures because of the high benefits from grasses used to stabilise SWC measures.Item Urban wastewater utilization for economic activities in Dodoma urban district, Tanzania(International Journal of Research in Chemistry and Environment (IJRCE), 2015) Mamboya, Sarah F.; Tenge, Albino J.; Masanyiwa, Zacharia S.In the semi-arid areas of Tanzania that experience frequent periods of drought, wastewater is a critical resource for landed and landless households. This wastewater, which is generated daily by a rapidly growing population, and which flows into the ground, supports a variety of livelihood activities that require water. This study was conducted among 215 randomly and purposively sampled respondents to assess the use of wastewater for economic activities for improving livelihood in Dodoma Municipality which is one semi-arid areas in Tanzania. Specifically, the study intended to (i) identify the economic activities practised, (ii) determine the main economic activities that utilize wastewater and, (iii) find out the extent of wastewater utilization for economic activities in the study area. Primary data were collected through a survey among wastewater users and semi-structured interviews with key informants. Secondary data were collected through documentary review of different documents obtained from the relevant offices and officials. Descriptive statistics including cross tabulation and frequency distributions were analysed. The findings show that the major economic activities that utilize wastewater are farming (48%), livestock keeping (41%), brick- making (32%) and fishing (9%). The majority of respondents used wastewater resource for gardening, mainly tomatoes (26 %), followed by green vegetables (18%), okra (18%) and cowpeas (17%). With regard to livestock keeping, the majority of respondents used wastewater for rearing cattle (42%), goats (32%) and pigs (10%). Despite the existing economic activities that utilize wastewater, wastewater is generally underutilized in the study area. Therefore, policy makers and other stakeholders should ensure full utilization of wastewater potentials including, construction of livestock watering areas, fishing ponds, dips and irrigation structures.Item Impacts of climate change on traditional irrigation farming systems and adaptation strategies in West Usambara Highlands, Tanzania.(2023) Maro, F.L.; Tenge, A.J.Climate change is among the challenges to sustainable development due to its effects on major sectors of economy worldwide. However, its impacts differ from one system to another depending on the magnitude, vulnerability and adaptive capacity of the system. This study assessed the impacts of climate change on crop yields in Ndiwa and Chamazi traditional irrigation farming systems and their adaptation strategies. A cross-sectional research design was adopted employing purposive and systematic random sampling to select 380 respondents for this study. Data was collected through household survey, Focus Group Discussion, interviews, observation and documentary reviews. The results showed that, within 42 years (1981-2022), climate change has caused yield decline (maize, beans and irish-potatoes) by 12% to 51% and Maize being the most affected crop. The decrease in crop yield was linked to the decreased amount of water for irrigation and outbreak of crop diseases. Major adaptation strategies adopted as mitigation measures include cultivation closer to water sources (93.8%), early planting (86.9%), crop diversification (72.6%) and digging of shallow wells (58.7%). However, some adaptation strategies are detrimental to the environment. Adaptive capacity of farmers is low to medium. We recommend to improve adaptive capacity of farmers through access to climate information, financial resources, agricultural extension services and improved irrigation infrastructures.Item The contribution of the livelihood assets of artisanal fisheries to household livelihoods in Zanzibar islands, Tanzania(Egyptian Knowledge Bank, 2024) Ali, S.M.; Bilame, O.; Ngusah, D.This paper reports on the contribution of the artisanal fisheries livelihood assets on household livelihoods in the five fishing villages from Zanzibar Islands namely; Kizimkazi Dimbani, Chwaka, Unguja Ukuu Kaepwani, Tumbe Mashariki and Michenzani. Cross-sectional research design was employed to generate quantitative data through a household survey and qualitative data were drawn through Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and key informant interviews. Data were drawn from a sample of 333 artisanal fishers who were obtained from the 1991 population through the Yamane formula. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25 was used to perform a chi-square test and binary logistic analysis to assess the association between the livelihood assets of artisanal fisheries and household livelihoods. Results of this study found that the livelihood assets of artisanal fisheries had a statistical association with household livelihoods and the majority of artisanal fishers (79.28%) fall under low household livelihoods outcomes. It has been found that high household livelihood was significantly associated with artisanal fishers who use fibber boats (p=0.0066), motorized fishing vessels (p=0.0409), acquired formal fishing knowledge and skills (p=0.0277), and those fishers who were members of fisher’s cooperatives (p=0.0059). It is therefore recommended that the respective government in collaboration with other fisheries stakeholders should address these factors when designing the intervention for improving the artisanal fisheries that will improve the household livelihoods of the artisanal fishers.Item Community Participation in Corporate Social Responsibility Practices of North Mara Gold Mine in Tanzania(The University of Dodoma, 2024) Gillo, Immaculate O.; Bilame, O; Assenga, Emiliana A.Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) projects that do not engage local communities around the areas of their operation are often unsuccessful or rejected by their intended beneficiaries. In Tanzania, some communities ignore or reject CSR projects, raising doubts about whether they were initially involved in such projects. Drawing from North Mara Gold Mine CSR initiatives, this paper argues that community acceptance or rejection of CSR projects relates to the extent to which the mining company engages with the community. The paper utilises survey data drawn from a systematic sample of 358 households. In addition, it uses data from interviews, documentary review and focus group discussions. The study applies descriptive and content analysis to make sense of the data. The results show inadequate involvement of communities around the goldmine in all the stages of the CSR project cycle. Consequently, the North Mara Gold Mine’s CSR initiatives have not served as an effective tool to harmonise community relations and mitigate conflicts.Item Inclusive Green Growth and Shared Prosperity: Are they Basic Indictors for Tanzania to Attain an Upper Middle-Income Country? A Theoretical Review(Tanzanian Institutes of Development Studies, 2023) Bilame, OdassThis paper aims to show how inclusive green growth and shared prosperity could be sustained, and in a way enable Tanzania to achieve an upper middle-income country status. The big question in this regard is whether the kind of economic growth that Tanzania has been sustaining over the recent years, at least before the COVID-19 pandemic, has been associated with ‘inclusive green growth’ and with a ‘shared prosperity’ or otherwise. The main objective of this paper sought to shed light on the extent to which inclusive green growth and shared prosperity could be sustained and enable the country to attain an upper middle-income country status with traceable welfare effects for all Tanzanians. The methodology employed was a documentary review of various documents that address issues on inclusive green growth and shared prosperity. In particular, a review of publications by the World Bank occupied a central place. Key study results point out that the kind of growth agenda that Tanzania has pursued has neither addressed inclusive green growth nor shared prosperity. The development agenda has been addressing economic growth concerns at the expense of green growth concerns that acknowledge the role of natural capital growth and its important role in the welfare of future generations.