Doctoral Theses

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The performance of urban water supply and sanitation authorities through human resource management in Tanzania: the case of urban water supply and sanitation authorities of Dar es salaam, Morogoro and Moshi
(The University of Dodoma, 2014) Mokiwa, Peter A.
Organizational performance improvement is considered a critical requirement for improved water services in the country. This study on organizational performance improvement of urban water supply and sanitation authorities in Tanzania through human resource management was based on a study of Dar es Salaam city, Morogoro and Moshi urban water supply and sanitation authorities with the aim of contributing to ways of improving water supply and sanitation services through human resource management in Tanzania. Both primary and secondary data were collected and analyzed using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. The findings of the study indicate that existing organizational performance improvement initiatives in the three urban water authorities were slow in staff recruitment. Findings point to failure of human resource management officers in the three urban water supply and sanitation authorities to successfully put in place and implement effective human resource policies and strategies. Consequently, there has been poor performance of staff in their duties, particularly in the supply of water and sanitation services to the public. It was further found that there was lack of cooperation between human resource management officers, other employees and customers. To rescue the existing situation the study recommends improved human resource management initiatives in all the three urban water authorities. These include among other things, formulation and implementation of dynamic policies to guide recruitment and retention of skilled staff. This is expected to reduce activities and operational costs thereby improving organizational performance.
Assessment of ecological impact and restoration in the former refugee camps in Kibondo district, Tanzania
(The University of Dodoma, 2015) Gwamagobe, Brighton
There is growing concern on environmental degradation and human population displacement. This study adopted multiple models that consider the variables linking human population displacement and local environmental degradation. The main concern of this study is tied on refugee ecological impacts as consequence of spatial and temporal changes in land use and land cover. The study adopted a combination of descriptive research design and integration of RS and GIS techniques in underscoring ecological impact of refugees in the Former Refugee Camps (FRCs). The study comprised of multi-spectral and multi temporal classification of Landsat images with spatial resolution of 30 m. The satellite images were acquired to represent major refugee scenarios. The Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) of 1990 represented pre-refugee settlement epoch and Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) of 2000 represented in-refugee settlement period. The Landsat 5 TM of 2009 marked early period of post-refugee repatriation and Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) of 2014 represented post-refugee repatriation period. Using descriptive techniques, data were collected through household interviews, oral history, Focus Group Discussion, key informants and field observation. These techniques intended to provide adequate qualitative and quantitative information on the past and present ecological condition of refugee campsites. They also provided description on how natural resources users perceived and described the pattern of land use and cover changes over time. The result obtained from this study showed a tremendous decrease in woodland in FRCs from 1990 to 2014. Before refugees’ arrival in 1990, the woodland cover was at 74% and 71% for Nduta and Mtendeli respectively. But by 2009, which marked the end of refugees’ epoch in the camp, the woodland cover remained 43% for Nduta and 17.7% at Mtendeli. The status of woodland continued to decline to 22% at Nduta but increased to 31% for Mtendeli by 2014, the 5 years of post-refugees. Rating woodland covers according to the impact weight scale, both sites had low impact before refugee arrival and high impacts during and after refugee settlement. During the period of 2009-2014, the rate of change of woodland indicated an annual net loss of 2.38% at Nduta and net gain of 2.04% for Mtendeli. Given the constant trends, Nduta will lose all its woodland after 13 years but Mtendeli will have a complete recovery within the coming 3 decades. The process of recovery at Mtendeli was contributed by the natural regeneration occurred in the refugee abandoned agricultural fields. The perceived ecological impacts during pre and post-refugee period emerged with several negative impacts such as deforestation, land degradation, depleted water quality and quantity, depleted wildlife at their vicinity, fuelwood scarcity; reduced wild foods and depleted indigenous trees. Drivers of the impacts were several including compliance and non-compliance of refugee operation standards, refugee involvement in socio-economic activities, refugee emotional reactions, lack of environmental citizenship, high demand for wood resources and lack of communityled environmental management blue prints. Since both compliance and noncompliance of refugee operational standards resulted into ecological impacts, it is argued that refugee influx had inevitable negative feedback on local natural environment. Different perceptions on the impact attributions existed among respondents. Refugee sighted (46%) as the major source of the ecological impacts during pre-refugee repatriation while 38% commended both refugee and locals. Few respondents (9%) mentioned only local community as source of impacts Nevertheless, all respondents agreed the currently environmental degradation in FRCs to be associated by the local community. Further data indicated that the rate of environmental degradation during post refugee was higher than during pre-refugee repatriation period suggesting poor sustainability of natural resources in the FRCs. The result from this study further indicated that little efforts have been put forward toward rehabilitation intervention in the FRCs. Response from the interview (88%) indicated that United Nations High Commissioner for the Refugees (UNHCR) and the Government of Tanzania failed to intervene in making informed rehabilitation decisions of the FRCs. The failures were associated with top-down decision in the alternative use of FRC after camps closure, poor community involvement in rehabilitation intervention, lack of property right and right of use of the FRCs and lack of rehabilitation blue prints. The rehabilitation intervention was also obstructed by poor coordination mechanism, lack of sustainable rehabilitation funding and poor political will. The data obtained from this study were used to develop a new Sustainable Ecological Rehabilitation Framework for the management for the landscape of FRCs. This framework propagates the recent ecological restoration approach that focuses on Landscape (LR) restoration rather than considering patchy ecosystems. The framework has the strength of being highly participatory, local community owned, cost effective and addresses community socio-economic interests.
Pastoralists’ resilience and adaptation to the impact of climate change in semi-arid rangelands: A case of Longido district- Tanzania
(The University of Dodoma, 2016) Joseph, Laurent
Climate Change Impact has been a critical aspect of concern globally. This is because both ecosystems and socio-ecological system are greatly affected by climate change causing some (ecosystems and socio-ecological system) to disappear and die. However, how pastoralists have been resilient and adapting to climate change impacts has not been clearly known and established and also the adaptive climate change framework has not been given out. In this perspective, this study aimed at investigating on the pastoralists‟ resilience and adaptive strategies to the impacts of climate change in semi-arid rangelands in Longido district. The study used different approaches and methods for data collection: exploration of secondary information, observation, household survey, structured interview and focus group discussion as data collecting methods. The sample included 312 of respondents in this study. This study revealed out that climate change has diverse impacts on livestock domestication and on the livelihoods of the pastoralists in Longido district. It was revealed that climate change in the district is attributed by various aspects: - prolonged drought, disparity in temperature and erratic rainfall. The major climate change impacts upon the pastoralists included shortage of water, loss of pastures, eruption of livestock diseases, death of livestock, eruption of human diseases, loss of income just to mention a few. The study discovered that the pastoralists have resilience and innovative adaptation strategies against climate change impacts which includes migration with livestock for search of pasture and water, dam construction, supplementary food/feeds, savings, finding an alternative source of income, traditional climate forecast and formation of by-laws, adoption of drought resistant species of livestock, regulation of livestock reproduction and livelihood diversification to mention just a few for precision. It was revealed that, the pastoralists have acquired new traditional ways of determining climate variability that is the use of signs of domesticated livestock and that of Ngakwa techniques. Ngakwa is a star which is used by pastoralists to determine whether regimes in their areas. Additional to that, it was revealed that pastoralists have been using traditional trees to determine climate regimes; for example, the use of Eiti” tree flowering signs is used as an onset of rainfall indicator. For the roles of institutions and organizations in enhancing pastoralists‟ resilience and adaptation to the calamity of climate change included restocking, dam construction at least in every village, provision of education regarding livelihoods, provision of education on helping pastoralists‟ children, provision of employment to many pastoralists, capacity building, construction of water tanks, food provision and livelihood diversification. The study recommends that the establishment of integrated programs such bottom up policy formulation strategy, where all problems caused by climate change are discussed together and the solution, mitigation measures and coping mechanisms are identified in order to adapt to climate change impacts. For effective and sustainable livelihood, the local people should be fully involved in planning and making decisions on how to curb the climate change impacts on people‟s livelihood.
Entrepreneurial networks and performance of small and medium enterprises in Tanzania: The role of entrepreneur’s social competence
(The University of Dodoma, 2016) John, Elia
The purpose of the study was to examine the influence of Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) owner-manager‘s social competence on networks formation. Similarly, the study examined the interrelationship of three constructs namely: entrepreneurial networks, social competence, and business performance. Specifically, it investigated how entrepreneur‘s social competence made up of social perception, social adaptability, social expressiveness, impression management, and persuasiveness influences the types of networks formed by owner-managers and how in turn the relationship between these networks and SME performance is influenced by social competence. The study was undertaken in the two cities of Dar es Salaam and Mwanza. This research adopted a cross-sectional study design where by data were collected from manufacturing SMEs in Tanzania in four types of sub-sectors viz food processing, woodwork, ironwork, and textile. 250 owner-managers were selected through stratified random sampling procedure and interviewed. The collected data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21. Three major statistical analyses were performed viz factor analysis, multiple linear regression model, and Poisson regression model. Factor analysis was adopted in order to reduce social competence items into factors that are easily manageable in subsequent analyses. Poisson regression model was used to test the influence of social competence on networks formation. Regression analysis was done to test the direct relationship between social competence and SME performance as well as the interrelationship between networks, social competence and SME performance. The findings of the study show that the types of networks formed by SMEs vary and are associated with some of the demographic characteristics of entrepreneurs and enterprises. Furthermore, the study findings identify and indicate that a majority of social competence dimensions have a significant influence on networks formation and SME performance. Similarly, the findings show that many of the social competence attributes have a significant effect on the relationship between networks and SME performance. These findings suggest that: first, social competence is influential in determining the type of entrepreneurial networks among SMEs as well as SME performance; second, social competence dimensions have a significant relationship with SME performance; and third, social competence has an influence on the relationship between entrepreneurial networks and SME performance. In view of that, this study offers a lesson that the formation of useful networks depends on the entrepreneur‘s ability to effectively interact with others. This implies that a firms‘ emphasis on social competence attributes may enhance the effectiveness of networks on SME performance. Thus, in order to improve SME performance, capacity building to entrepreneurs on appropriate knowledge and skills on networking and social competence is crucial and should be part and parcel of the entrepreneurship strategy and policy.
Dryland community resilience to climate change: A case of grapevine farmers in Chamwino district and Dodoma municipality
(The University of Dodoma, 2016) Mahenge, Felix
This study which aimed at assessing the resilience of dryland grapevine farmers to climate change was conducted in Chamwino District and Dodoma Municipality. The specific objectives were to identify the factors influencing grapevine production in the context of climate change, to assess the level of awareness of grapevine farmers on climate change, to assess the grapevine farmers‟ adaptation strategies and their adaptive capacity to climate change, and to develop the grapevine farmers‟ resilience framework to climate change. A cross-sectional research design encompassing both purposive and proportionate random sampling was adopted for this study. The study involved 248 grapevine farmers as primary grapevine stakeholders and 64 other secondary grapevine stakeholders. Primary data were collected through questionnaire survey, focus group discussions, key informant interviews and the research‟s observations, while secondary data were collected through documents review. Qualitative data collected from Focus Group Discussions and Key Informant interviews were analyzed through content analysis. Quantitative data collected through questionnaires were processed and analyzed by having the data edited, coded, summarized, and entered into the computer. The quantitative data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Descriptive statistics were used to obtain frequencies and percentages for the coded responses. The results were presented through tables, figures, and graphs. The findings showed that climate variables (minimum and maximum temperature, annual mean rainfall, and wind speed) in the study area had been fluctuating over the past 20 years. Many grapevine farmers were aware of climate change on grapevine production. Climate change affected grapevine production through outbreak of diseases and pests, drought, low rainfall, and grapevine fruit damage by birds. The grapevine farmers adopted different adaptation strategies to combat the impacts of climate change. These included the application of pesticides, the use of scaring methods to threaten birds, irrigation systems, timed pruning, application of manure and diversification to other farm or off-farm activities. The grapevine farmers‟ resilience framework to climate change was finally proposed with an intention to strengthen grapevine farmers to successfully adopt and apply the adaptation strategies. It has been recommended that the government and other grapevine stakeholders should extend their efforts more to help the grapevine farmers to improve and apply the existing climate change adaptation strategies. They should especially help grapevine farmers to access different opportunities, climate information sources, land and security of tenure, water sources, financial resources, agricultural inputs, agricultural extension services and improved transport and irrigation infrastructure. The government, particularly the local government authorities (Chamwino District and Dodoma Municipality), should also sensitize grapevine farmers to establish and strengthen the farmer based organizations. The central government and other grapevine stakeholders should further help in improving the coordination between crop research centers, extension, and farmers. It is further recommended that the proposed resilience framework with its key steps (farmer based organizations, asset base, institutional coordination, and informed decision-making) which is specific to semi-arid areas be tested.
The role of local communities in conservation of archaeological and historical heritage in Central and Coastal Tanzania
(The University of Dodoma, 2016) Temu, Emanuel L
Tanzania is the home of abundant Cultural Heritage resources of national and international significance. These heritage resources include prehistoric rock arts, Stone Age sites, historical records and monuments. Large part of this heritage is found in the areas where communities live. However, the national management approach has not adequately tapped the contribution of the local communities in the conservation of the heritage resources. This study resorted to examine the state of heritage conservation, local community perceptions and practices toward conservation of archaeological and historical heritage in central and coastal Tanzania. The study also examines the contribution of heritage conservation to the livelihood of communities living near the heritage. Guided by New Museology approach and Cultural Materialism Theory, the study used qualitative approach and sampled a total of 137 respondents as key informants. Participant observation, semi- structured interview, focus group discussion and use of documentary sources formed various tools for data collection. The study revealed that sites under study were found to be potential heritage assets. However, most of the sites were seen to be at the risk of deterioration due to human and natural factors although the magnitude of risk varies. Further, the study found out that communities in the study sites do have a significant role to play in the conservation of the archaeological and historical heritage. However, the communities‟ roles vary due to their differences in perceptions. Further it was found that there were conflicts related to the protected sites which at times emerged between local communities and Antiquities authority. These conflicts were fuelled by ignorance, lack of transparency, top bottom management approach and lack of benefit sharing to the community. It was revealed that the local communities are willing to support conservation efforts only when they achieve their expectations possibly through sharing the benefits of the sites. The study recommends for more education, community involvement in the planning and management of the heritage resources, and sustainable utilization of the resources.
Supply systems and social networks determining access and use of antibiotics in livestock and their implications on antibiotics resistance in Ngorongoro district, Tanzania
(The University of Dodoma, 2016) Matunga, Benta Nyamanyi
Antibiotics resistance is a global concern that presents a major threat to veterinary public health as it reduces the effectiveness of antibiotic treatment in livestock and people. Many studies on antibiotics resistance have been based mainly on microbiology, biomedical and veterinary sciences in laboratory test with little attention paid to social aspects. Based on pastoralist communities in Ngorongoro District in Tanzania, the study examined how supply systems and social networks determine the access and use of antibiotics and their implications on antibiotics resistance. Specifically, the study sought to map out and examine how supply systems and social networks determine the access and use of antibiotics and to examine the implications of supply systems and social networks on antibiotics resistance. The study used both quantitative and qualitative approaches involving survey, key informant interview, focus group discussion; participatory wealth ranking and observation methods. A sample size of 221 respondents and 21 key informants were involved in the study. Quantitative data were analysed using statistical package for social sciences computer software version 20. Qualitative data were analysed using content analysis. The findings revealed that supply systems have failed to provide adequate quality antibiotics and veterinary experts to impart proper knowledge, information, services and monitoring as well as regulatory control mechanisms for the distribution channel of antibiotics from the various sources to end users. This has forced end users to resort to strategies such as sharing antibiotics and knowledge on use of antibiotics. Among the important actors in social networks who determine access to and use of antibiotics include neighbours, friends, relatives, interest groups and traditional dealers. These actors are connected with social ties based on trust and reciprocity. However, they have limited knowledge on antibiotics handling and administration hence resulting into misuse of the drugs. This lack of knowledge has implications on antibiotics resistance. It is concluded that supply systems is associated with inadequate quality antibiotics, limited number of experts and limited knowledge of users of antibiotics. All these contribute to problem of antibiotics resistance. Therefore, social aspects are equally important in explaining antibiotics problem in livestock. It is therefore recommended that there should be capacity building to those who are involved in the supply systems and users on the proper access and use of antibiotics. Also, awareness creation to the public on the problem of antibiotics resistance should be part and parcel of the design and implementation of the livestock policy planning and interventions.
Accountability as an element of governmentality: An investigation of National and local executive accountability practices in the water sector in Tanzania
(University of Twente, 2017) Katomero, Jesper George
In Africa, and Tanzania in particular, international donors increasingly exert influence on governments to embrace accountability reforms as a pre-condition for receiving bilateral and multilateral development aid. This influence is noticeable in the Washington Consensus ideas about economic development and in concomitant funding programs by the World Bank, International Monitory Fund, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and even Non-Governmental Organisations. This is exemplified by World Bank funded programs to improve public service delivery in Africa through the Water Sector Development Programs, Water Sector Reform Programs and the subsequent Water Policies. In this context, accountability is a key determinant in defining power relations between African countries and their western counterparts. This study sought to answer the research question “how are public officials held to account in Tanzania in the context of water service delivery?” To answer this question, accountability practices in three levels of governance were analysed: national, regional and local, as well as the impact of trans-national arrangements on accountability practices at these levels. The study also examined the potential of enlisting ICT and mobile phone initiatives for enhancing accountability in the water sector. The results indicate that accountability practices in the water service delivery sector in Tanzania can be understood as an interplay of different and often conflicting governmentalities where conflicting rationalities, mentalities and technologies are intertwined. This gives rise to complex and self-contradictory drivers, the result of which is that formal international donor accountability reforms are difficult to implement and can lead to counterproductive results. Thus, holding national and local level public officials to account should not be understood only through the lenses of principal-agent (PA) and collective-action (CA) theory, because these do not capture all drivers and interactions. In practice, the locally understood informal accountability governmentalities compete with the donor-driven formal accountability governmentalities. Only by quitting their roles do donors help give Tanzanian citizens a chance to hold their government accountable. Likewise, only by having a more encompassing, balanced incremental approach to various conflicting governmentalities, the people of Tanzania can start to fight corruption, and maybe introduce other changes that draw on the good elements of governmentality.
The impact of climate change to smallholder farmers and adaptation strategies: The case of traditional irrigation farming systems in west Usambara highlands
(The University of Dodoma, 2017) Maro, Fredy Lister
This study aimed at assessing the impact of climate change on traditional irrigation farming systems and adaptation strategies was conducted in Lushoto District. The specific objectives were to establish the trend and magnitude of climate change in the study area for the past 30 years (1985-2014), to assess the impact of climate change on crop yield in Ndiwa and Chamazi traditional irrigation farming systems, to analyse the way traditional irrigation farmers adapt to climate change and to develop decision guide for adaptation to climate change in traditional irrigation farming systems. A cross-sectional explanatory research design encompassing both purposive and systematic random sampling was adopted for this study. The study sample comprised of 380 households, 48 members of Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and 15 key informants. Primary data from household heads and key informants were collected through a questionnaire survey, FGDs, interviews and the researcher‘s observations while secondary data were collected through documents reviews including annual reports from District Agriculture Irrigation and Cooperative Offices and weather reports of the study area for the past 30 years from Tanzania Meteorological Agency (TMA). Descriptive statistics such as mean, frequency and percentages were computed to establish the trends and magnitude of climate change using SPSS and MS-Excel programs. Cross-tabulation between rainfall and crop yield trends was used to establish the impact of climate change on crop yields. Descriptive statistics such as mean, frequency, percentages and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) analysis were performed to identify the most feasible adaptation strategies and adaptive capacity of farmers. Decision guide for adaptation to climate in traditional irrigation farming systems was developed in order to integrate the challenges of climate change and those related to the adaptive capacity to enhance adaptation actions. The results show that for the past 30 years (1985-2014) climate variables such as annual mean (minimum and maximum) temperature and annual mean rainfall have been increasing and decreasing respectively in fluctuating patterns. For the past 30 years, annual mean (minimum and maximum temperature) have increased by 0.83Oc and 2.4oC respectively and annual mean rainfall has decreased by 803mm. Climate change has affected crop yield in Ndiwa and Chamazi traditional irrigation systems through decrease amount of water for irrigation, an outbreak of crop diseases, pests and insects. Farmers engaged in Ndiwa and Chamazi irrigation systems adopted different adaptation strategies to combat the impact of climate change. These include cultivating near water sources, crop diversification, digging of shallow wells and application of pesticides. However, the adaptive capacity to climate change for Ndiwa farmers was 41.6% indicating moderate adaptive capacity while that of Chamazi farmers was 23.6% indicating low adaptive capacity. The decision guide for adaptation to climate change for traditional irrigation farming systems was finally proposed with the intention of facilitating Ndiwa and Chamazi farmers to select appropriate adaption actions to the impact of climate change. It has been recommended that the government and other stakeholders should extend their efforts more to help the farmers engaged in Ndiwa and Chamazi irrigation systems to improve their adaptative capacity to climate change. They should especially help farmers to access the following; climate information, land and security of tenure, water sources, and financial resources, agricultural inputs, agricultural extension services and improved transport and irrigation infrastructures. The government, particularly the local government authority of Lushoto, should also sensitize farmers to establish and strengthen the farmer-based organizations. The central government and other stakeholders should further help in improving irrigation farming and the coordination between crop research centres, extension and farmers.
Gender relations in the discourse of Sukuma songs
(The University of Dodoma, 2017) Masele, Esther Julius
This study examined gender relations in the discourse of Sukuma songs in Kishapu district, in Shinyanga region. The study had three specific objectives: to examine Sukuma cultural lives with regard to gender relations in the discourse of Sukuma songs; to examine the aspects of gender inequalities in the discourse of Sukuma songs; and to assess the power of discourse of Sukuma songs in enhancing sensitization on gender equality and in bolstering gender inequality. The study adopted an ethnographic research design. Purposive and snowballing sampling procedures were used to get a total of 26 singers; 11 key informants; and 30 participants for focused group discussions. The study used primary and secondary sources of data, which were collected through interviews, direct observation, focused group discussions and document analysis. An eclectic procedure, which combined Thematic Coding Approach (TCA) and Discourse Analysis (DA) based on Poststructuralist and Third World feminist theories were used to analyse the data. The study found that the life of the Sukuma people is controlled by unfair gendered roles in such aspects as leadership and authority, social organization, and the institutions of marriage. Besides, patriarchal ideology was found manifested in male chauvinistic tendencies exercised over the less privileged groups, such as women and children, who had no power to influence changes, to inherit and/or own family properties and take responsibilities in family care and management, in relation to men. Moreover, it was found that these songs played a great role in bolstering gender inequality, which in one way, led to gender sensitivity among the people. On the other hand, these songs, in some ways, were found to encourage loss of courage and confidence causing despair among the women, leading to their passive acceptance of the low status in the Sukuma society. Finally, based on the findings, it is recommended that, in order to solve the problems that encourage gender inequality among the Sukuma people, the organizations and institutions which deal with gender issues should extend their emancipative services, particularly, to the villages where women suffer from the consequences of inequality resulting from inherited cultural practices.
The influence of innovations intervention on beekeepers’ livelihoods in Sikonge district of Tabora region in central Tanzania
(The University of Dodoma, 2018) Kashumba, Faustine Mulokozi
The overall objective of this study was to examine the influence of innovations on beekeeper's livelihoods in Sikonge District in Tabora region. The specific objectives of the study were: (1) to characterize beekeeping innovations typologies in the district, (2) to examine beekeeping innovations processes and their associated adoption rates, and (3) to analyze the possible influence of innovations on beekeeper's livelihoods. A cross-sectional research survey, coupled with mixed research techniques, was used as parts of research methodology. Interviews, in-depth interviews, focus group discussions (FGDs), observations and documentary review were adopted as data collection techniques while content analysis and ANOVA were adopted in data analysis. The results revealed variable beekeeping innovations typologies, ranging from the introduction of modern hives (16%), enhanced protective gears (33%), and establishment of honey collection centres (66.1%). Other innovations typologies were adoption of joint marketing ventures through beekeeping social networks (49.4%) and contract beekeeping (50%). Beekeeping diffusion processes included information dissemination (10.6%), capacity strengthening (99.4%), introduction of sound beekeeping extension approaches (28.4%), promotion of service providers, establishment of social networks and infrastructural development (36.8%). It was found that beekeeping innovations were characterized by a relatively high propensity to resist adoption of intervening innovation including movable frames and top-bar hives (78.9%), protective gears (68.3%), honey collection and storage facilities (72%),and (92.2%) respectively on contract beekeeping, indication a low innovation adoption rate. The study concluded that the factors influencing a low adoption rate of beekeeping innovations included inefficiency in institutional arrangements as reflected v by ineffectiveness of the quantity and quality of both human and physical resources to coordinate diffusion processes, inability of the majority of beekeepers (83.7%) to adopt innovations that demanded financial capital. Nevertheless, the ANOVA statistical analysis indicates that none of the intervened innovations had positive correlation coefficient on the beekeeper's livelihoods except access to natural capital including bee resources (gazetted national forests, beekeeping and game reserves) as one of livelihood assets for beekeeping activities. It was thus concluded that beekeeping is still potential for sustainable livelihoods although it needs effective and user-friendly innovation intervention to realise its potentiality. However, to improve the potentiality of the beekeeping sector, the study puts forward policy recommendations which include creating effective linkages between policy objectives and their implementation to promote beekeeping social networks, creating effective institutional arrangements on public-private partnership with clear targets and concerted efforts among beekeeping stakeholders at local level. Other policy recommendations include considering beekeeper's socio-economic and cultural factors as the centre of innovations diffusion, harmonizing related policy conflict of interests between natural resource conservation and promotion of modern beehives and investing on traditional beekeeping innovations through Research and Development (R&D).
Community participation and accountability in development management of water programs in local government authorities in Tanzania: a case study of Kilolo and Kongwa districts
(The University of Dodoma, 2018) Kavina, Alexander
This thesis sought to examine the dynamics of community participation and accountability in Tanzania and its effect on the development management of water programs in local government authorities in Tanzania with special focus on water programs in the two districts of Kilolo and Kongwa. The study is based on the premise that community participation and accountability in development are equally important as they enhances the quality and relevance of development processes and their outcomes and therefore, an important ingredient for achieving sustainable development of local government water programs. The study employed a mixed approach, comprising qualitative and quantitative research with the qualitative paradigm being dominant. The study was undertaken under phenomenological research design that sought to illuminate the specific, to identify phenomenon and collect deep information and perception of people on participation and accountability in the development management of water programs. The evidence obtained indicates that community participation in water program management offers meaningful and potential outcomes between community members and local governments in terms of improved management of water programs and water service delivery. The study also observed that the local government authorities attempted little to organize community participation and responsiveness to local needs, particularly in decision-making, thus making community participation limited on problem identification and implementation. Also the study observed that institutions for accountability are already in place, but their influence seems to have little effects on the development management of water programs. The study recommends more capacity building to help communities to participate in water governance, enhancing more partnership between the local governments and private sectors in water governance, promoting water harvesting technology by creating awareness and training to water stakeholders and more importantly, communities to include rain water harvesting in their development plans as one of the strategies for improving water sources at village levels. There are reasons to believe that given the opportunity to continue institutionalize local government over a long period, and as with the ongoing reforms in the local government gradually will bring about better results as far as community participation and accountability in water governance is concerned.
Parents’ disclosure of their HIV/AIDS status to their children and its effects on the children’s behaviour in Makete district, Tanzania
(The University of Dodoma, 2018) Isanzu, Naomi Henry
This study was conducted in Makete District Tanzania, with the aim of examining parents’ disclosure of their HIV/AIDS status to their children and its effects on children’s behaviour. This was a qualitative study which employed ethnographic research design using in-depth interview, focus group discussion, observation and documentary analysis as tools for data collection. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis and a total of 70 informants were included in the study using purposive and snowball sampling techniques. The findings of this study have revealed that factors which influence parents’ decision to disclose their HIV/AIDS status include children‘s maturity, education, children‘s suspicion, parents’ illnesses, parents’ need for treatment supporters, clearing children‘s misconceptions and the need to disclose children’s HIV/AIDS status. The findings have also shown that parents used their own approaches to disclose their HIV/AIDS status to their children as there were no specific guidelines to facilitate health care workers to advice PLWHA on approaches that should be used to disclose their HIV/AIDS status to their children. With regards to the contents, the study has found out that parents mentioned openly to their children that they were HIV positive. Contextwise, disclosure mainly took place in the home environment and in rare cases disclosure took place away from home. The timing was based on parents’ good health condition and when children were in good moods. The study did not find out any negative behavioural outcomes from children as a result of parents’ HIV/AIDS disclosure.
Effect of household settlement type on the prevalence of childhood diarrhoea and associated risk factors in Mwanza city, Tanzania
(The University of Dodoma, 2018) Kabhele, Silas Richard
Despite diarrhoea being the second leading cause of illness and deaths in children under five years of age globally, the relationship between settlement types (unplanned and planned) and caregivers' behavioural risk factors as well as the environmental risk factors for diarrhoea is not clearly known. The overall objective of this study was to determine the effect of type of household settlement on prevalence of childhood diarrhoea and associated risk factors in Mwanza City, Tanzania. A population based analytical cross sectional study, involving 480 children between 6 to 59 months of age was conducted from June to August, 2016. A structured questionnaire was used to determine the prevalence of diarrhoea in children, factors associated with childhood diarrhoea, association between settlement types and; prevalence of diarrhoea, caregivers’ behavioural risk factors, and the environmental risk factors for childhood diarrhoea. A binary logistic regression analysis was employed to test the risk factors for childhood diarrhoea. The overall reported prevalence of diarrhoea was about 20.4%. The regression analysis showed that the type of settlement did not have significant statistical association with neither caregivers‟ risk behaviour nor environmental risk factors for diarrhoea in children. Caregivers’ risk behaviours significant statistical associated with low risk of childhood diarrhoea included behaviour of washing hands; before preparing food, with soap and water after changing child’s napkins, of children with soap and water after toilet and before taking food. Environmental risk factors which include living in unplanned settlement, use of pit latrine and using faecal contaminated water were significantly statistically associated with higher prevalence of diarrhoea. It was recommended that health education programmes are needed in order to address identified behavioural and environmental risk factors. It was also recommended that further research should focus on determination of caregivers‟ knowledge on care of domestic water at household level in Mwanza City.
Anthropogenic activities, land uses, limnology and management of fisheries resources in lake Babati and lake Burunge – Tanzania
(The University of Dodoma, 2018) Katonge, Jackson Henry
This study assessed anthropogenic activities, land uses and limnological characteristics, in relation to fisheries resources of Lake Babati (fresh water) and Burunge (soda water). Six villages were also involved, namely Majengo, Singe and Bagara adjacent to Lake Babati and Mwada, Sangaiwe and Vilima Vitatu adjacent to Lake Burunge. Data were collected by using questionnaire surveys, key informant interviews, observation, GIS and RS and Laboratory analysis. Findings have indicated encroachment, overfishing, soil erosion and siltation as major anthropogenic impacts. In Lake Babati, residence and cultivation increased by (44.8%, 12.6%), (28%, 18.1%) and (2%, 11.7%) while grazing decreased by 8%, 38.4% and 11% for Majengo, Singe and Bagara villages beween 2000 and 2017 respectively. As for Lake Burunge, residence and cultivation increased by (30%, 23.5%), (30%, 29.3.1%) and (10%, 53 %), while grazing decreased by 29.1%, and 24.2 % for Mwada, Sangaiwe and Vilima Vitatu villages beween 2000 and 2017, respectively. Physicochemical parameters were almost the same except salinity, conductivity, pH and turbidity which differed (17.4, 28.8 ‰), (37.6, 55 μS/cm), (7.5, 9.54) and (46, 3.1 cm) in Lake Babati and Burunge, respectively. Pollution was evidently due to the existance of phytoplankton blooms. Phytoplanktons were represented by Bacillariophyceae, Dinophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae and Dictyochophyceae whereas, zooplankton were represented by Cyclopoda, Rotifera, Ciliata and Holizoa. There was a significant difference in the number of plankton cells between Lakes being higher for the dry season than the wet. Fish species; Oreochromis amphimelas, Macrobrachiunus caradina were restricted to dry season; Oleochronmis esculentus Clarias gariepinus, Rhabdalestes leleupi and Petersius tangensis in wet season and Clarias gariepinus and Oleochronmis esculentus occurred in both wet and dry season. Variation in plankton composition, abundance and diversity in different seasons which implied that, the influence of season was important in the management of water quality, plankton and fish production. Therefore, the study recommends local communities and stakeholders involvement in Lakes management, establishment of adequate buffer zones, promotion of income generating activities such as beekeeping, aquaculture and horticulture for sustainability of fishery resources. Finally, the study proposes Fisheries and Water Quality Management framework for implementation and operation.
Microfinance institution services and women’s socio-economic development in Dodoma municipality-Tanzania
(The University of Dodoma, 2018) Muyango, Danford Martin
This study was conducted in Dodoma Municipality-Tanzania, aiming at assessing Women’s socio-economic development in relation to their involvement in MFIs. The specific objectives were to examine those micro-credits services and savings attracting women in MFIs, to analyze the women’s activities derived from MFIs services, to assess the current and potential collateralization that make MFIs trust women and to assess the contextual factors influencing women’s socio-economic development. A cross-sectional research design encompassing both purposive and proportionate random sampling was adopted, About 402 respondents were involved. Both Qualitative and Quantitative data obtained and analyzed through SPSS and ANOVA. Findings from this study suggest that women’s socio-economic development will remain at stake despite of their repetitive borrowing in MFIs because there is great disparity between loan application purpose and utilization. The role of MFIs has remained questionable because there are contextual factors that are hardly addressed. These include political, legal framework, culture and lending approaches causing unsustainable purchasing power of women despite of MFIs intervention. Furthermore, MFIs are continuing to exhaust funds from poor to make them even poorer through high interest rates, short tenured small loans imbedded under group lending approach, which are used as survival strategy of MFIs. This study recommends the government through BOT to establish laws that compel MFIs to recognize potential collaterals that are affordable by women and intervene on operations of Non depository taking MFIs particularly control on interest rates.
Support services for women domestic violence survivors in Tanzania: The case of Dodoma city council and Mpwapwa district council
(The University of Dodoma, 2019) Obwana, Neema Morris
This study investigated about the availability of support services to the victims of domestic violence in Tanzania. It was guided by a socialist, liberal and empowerment feminist theories. The study employed mixed methods approach though it was dominated by qualitative approach. The study employed cross-sectional research design, where samples of 368 respondents were involved in the study through interviews, questionnaires and focus group discussions. It involved six wards of Kizota, Chamwino and Chang‟ombe from Dodoma City Council and Mazae, Vingh‟awe and Mpwapwa from Mpwapwa District Council. Data were analyzed using narrative and content analysis for qualitative data. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics and Chi Square. The results indicated that victims of the domestic violence exist in both Mpwapwa District Council and Dodoma City Council. The findings indicated that the provision of services for women domestic violence survivors such as marriage advice and reconciliation, temporary shelters, spiritual support and counseling were available in the study area. It was, however, found that services provided to this group were inadequate and mostly uncoordinated, and there were lack of specialists who could help the victims. The findings indicated further that there were problems related to bureaucracy, corruption, delay of cases and poor service provision to the victims. The study is, therefore, recommends for a need for the restructuring of the laws and regulations to allow more access to the support services for the victims of domestic violence.
Practices involved in the design and use of costumes in Bongo movies
(The University of Dodoma, 2019) Gumbo, Mwajuma
This thesis examines the practices involved in the design and use of costumes in Bongo Movies. Previous studies had generally concluded that there were malpractices in costume design and use but none had cared to conduct a systematic enquiry to find out why the situation had persisted. Hence, this study aimed at filling this knowledge gap. Employing a Semiotic theory, the study selected and reviewed three films namely Lerato, Godon and Heshima ya Ndoa in order to examine how costumes were designed and used, to investigate perceptions held by producers, directors, and costume designers as well as to analyze viewers’ reactions towards costume use. This study was conducted in the three Municipals of Dar es Salaam namely Kinondoni, Ilala and Temeke where most actors, costume experts, directors, producers, and viewers reside. The study sample had 70 respondents who were purposively selected and engaged through in-depth interviews as well as Focus Group Discussions to obtain primary data while Themantic Coding approach was used in the data analysis. This study found out that practices in costume design among Bongo Movie filmmakers do not conform to the standard costume design process because filmmakers’ understanding about costume designing and its role in film is limited. As a result, most of the costumes that are used are not compatible to the story, characters, setting and lighting. It was further found out that perceptions held by producers, directors and actors greatly affected their practices in costume design and use but viewers were sceptical about how costume was used. This study concludes that practices involved in design and use of costumes in Bongo Movies are directly related to the limited understanding of a standard costume design process and the held perceptions among filmmakers. It is therefore recommended that filmmakers adopt a standard costume design process through formal, informal and non-formal training and that viewers continue to watch Bongo Movies and continue to give their constructive criticism.
Influence of human resource practices on human resource performance in decentralized health service delivery in Shinyanga region, Tanzania
(The University of Dodoma, 2019) Kisumbe, Lazaro Alman
Globally it has been established that human resource (HR) practices are associated with human resource (HR) performance. The application of the HR practices appears to be effective when applied in the decentralized context where employees‟ accountability is effectively enhanced. It is in the same perspective that during the 1990s Tanzania adopted decentralization by devolution in which the HR practices are applied at a facility level to enhance the HR performance. Nevertheless, little is known regarding its influence on the performance in the country. The empirical studies from other countries reported mixed results ranging from significant to adverse influence of the practices on HR performance. Likewise, there is scant of literature regarding the mediated effects of job satisfaction between HR practices and HR performance. In this perspective, the study focused on examining the influence of HR practices on HR performance in the decentralized public services in Shinyanga region. Specifically, it examined the contribution of the HR practices on HR performance; the influence of HR practices on job satisfaction and direct and mediated effects of job satisfaction on HR performance in the decentralized public health services in the region. An explanatory cross-sectional survey design with mixed approach was used in this study. A survey tool was used to collect data from 287 respondents complimented by the qualitative data. It was revealed that HR practices have some influence on job satisfaction and HR performance. Likewise, job satisfaction established some direct and mediate effects on HR performance. However, among the HR practices, only HRP revealed significant odds of having improved performance. Similarly, only HRP and supervision revealed significant likelihood of being satisfied. Nevertheless, the ineffective employees‟ participation in HRP and failure of the CHMT to provide support impeded the effectiveness of these practices. The other HR practices revealed insignificant odds of having high performance and being satisfied. This is associated with the ineffective application of the practices. Thus, to improve HR performance, the following recommendations were raised: establishment of functional guidelines for employees‟ participation in HRP and relaxing the requirements to abide to the manning levels; filling CHMT posts with experienced HRH to provide support and effective application of the HR practice to enhance job satisfaction for improving its direct and mediated effects on human resource performance
Contribution of social transfer interventions towards universal health coverage in Dodoma region, Tanzania
(The University of Dodoma, 2019) Mbaula, Walter
This study examined the effects of social transfer programmes in facilitating access and utilization of health care services and its implications in attaining universal health coverage in Dodoma Region, Tanzania. A cross-sectional survey of 402 household beneficiaries of social transfer programmes was carried out using interviewer administered questionnaire. In addition, 18 focus group discussions were carried out with community members and 12 in-depth interviews were held with programme officials and district councils’ officials. Chi-square and Fisher’s exact test were used to test significance of quantitative data. Logistic regression analysis was employed to assess the determinants of enrolment in Community Health Fund (CHF) and utilization of outpatient and inpatient health services. Qualitative data were thematically analyzed using content analysis. Results indicate that the process of identifying and selecting beneficiaries was affected by low community participation, inclusion of non-poor households, stigmatization of beneficiaries and duplication of efforts. Furthermore, there was a significant difference between type of social transfer benefits and household engagement in productive investments. There was no significant difference in housing improvement and accumulation of durable and non-durable assets between categories of social transfer beneficiaries. Cash transfer had a significant positive effect on the uptake of CHF while in-kind transfer had a significant negative effect on the uptake of CHF. There was significant and positive relation between cash transfer beneficiary households and utilization of outpatient services while participation in in-kind transfer programmes significantly increased the use of inpatient services. It was also revealed that being a member of CHF was significant negatively associated with the use of outpatient care services while it had no significant effect on the use related to inpatient care. It is concluded that the supplyside failures lead to low uptake of CHF and less utilization of health services. More so, adequate investments in the health sector to ensure availability, accessibility, adequacy and acceptability of services are inevitable in order to increase CHF uptake and increase the use of services.

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