Doctoral Theses

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Accountability as an element of governmentality: An investigation of National and local executive accountability practices in the water sector in Tanzania
(University of Twente, 2017) Katomero, Jesper George
In Africa, and Tanzania in particular, international donors increasingly exert influence on governments to embrace accountability reforms as a pre-condition for receiving bilateral and multilateral development aid. This influence is noticeable in the Washington Consensus ideas about economic development and in concomitant funding programs by the World Bank, International Monitory Fund, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and even Non-Governmental Organisations. This is exemplified by World Bank funded programs to improve public service delivery in Africa through the Water Sector Development Programs, Water Sector Reform Programs and the subsequent Water Policies. In this context, accountability is a key determinant in defining power relations between African countries and their western counterparts. This study sought to answer the research question “how are public officials held to account in Tanzania in the context of water service delivery?” To answer this question, accountability practices in three levels of governance were analysed: national, regional and local, as well as the impact of trans-national arrangements on accountability practices at these levels. The study also examined the potential of enlisting ICT and mobile phone initiatives for enhancing accountability in the water sector. The results indicate that accountability practices in the water service delivery sector in Tanzania can be understood as an interplay of different and often conflicting governmentalities where conflicting rationalities, mentalities and technologies are intertwined. This gives rise to complex and self-contradictory drivers, the result of which is that formal international donor accountability reforms are difficult to implement and can lead to counterproductive results. Thus, holding national and local level public officials to account should not be understood only through the lenses of principal-agent (PA) and collective-action (CA) theory, because these do not capture all drivers and interactions. In practice, the locally understood informal accountability governmentalities compete with the donor-driven formal accountability governmentalities. Only by quitting their roles do donors help give Tanzanian citizens a chance to hold their government accountable. Likewise, only by having a more encompassing, balanced incremental approach to various conflicting governmentalities, the people of Tanzania can start to fight corruption, and maybe introduce other changes that draw on the good elements of governmentality.
Anthropogenic activities, land uses, limnology and management of fisheries resources in lake Babati and lake Burunge – Tanzania
(The University of Dodoma, 2018) Katonge, Jackson Henry
This study assessed anthropogenic activities, land uses and limnological characteristics, in relation to fisheries resources of Lake Babati (fresh water) and Burunge (soda water). Six villages were also involved, namely Majengo, Singe and Bagara adjacent to Lake Babati and Mwada, Sangaiwe and Vilima Vitatu adjacent to Lake Burunge. Data were collected by using questionnaire surveys, key informant interviews, observation, GIS and RS and Laboratory analysis. Findings have indicated encroachment, overfishing, soil erosion and siltation as major anthropogenic impacts. In Lake Babati, residence and cultivation increased by (44.8%, 12.6%), (28%, 18.1%) and (2%, 11.7%) while grazing decreased by 8%, 38.4% and 11% for Majengo, Singe and Bagara villages beween 2000 and 2017 respectively. As for Lake Burunge, residence and cultivation increased by (30%, 23.5%), (30%, 29.3.1%) and (10%, 53 %), while grazing decreased by 29.1%, and 24.2 % for Mwada, Sangaiwe and Vilima Vitatu villages beween 2000 and 2017, respectively. Physicochemical parameters were almost the same except salinity, conductivity, pH and turbidity which differed (17.4, 28.8 ‰), (37.6, 55 μS/cm), (7.5, 9.54) and (46, 3.1 cm) in Lake Babati and Burunge, respectively. Pollution was evidently due to the existance of phytoplankton blooms. Phytoplanktons were represented by Bacillariophyceae, Dinophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae and Dictyochophyceae whereas, zooplankton were represented by Cyclopoda, Rotifera, Ciliata and Holizoa. There was a significant difference in the number of plankton cells between Lakes being higher for the dry season than the wet. Fish species; Oreochromis amphimelas, Macrobrachiunus caradina were restricted to dry season; Oleochronmis esculentus Clarias gariepinus, Rhabdalestes leleupi and Petersius tangensis in wet season and Clarias gariepinus and Oleochronmis esculentus occurred in both wet and dry season. Variation in plankton composition, abundance and diversity in different seasons which implied that, the influence of season was important in the management of water quality, plankton and fish production. Therefore, the study recommends local communities and stakeholders involvement in Lakes management, establishment of adequate buffer zones, promotion of income generating activities such as beekeeping, aquaculture and horticulture for sustainability of fishery resources. Finally, the study proposes Fisheries and Water Quality Management framework for implementation and operation.
Assessment of ecological impact and restoration in the former refugee camps in Kibondo district, Tanzania
(The University of Dodoma, 2015) Gwamagobe, Brighton
There is growing concern on environmental degradation and human population displacement. This study adopted multiple models that consider the variables linking human population displacement and local environmental degradation. The main concern of this study is tied on refugee ecological impacts as consequence of spatial and temporal changes in land use and land cover. The study adopted a combination of descriptive research design and integration of RS and GIS techniques in underscoring ecological impact of refugees in the Former Refugee Camps (FRCs). The study comprised of multi-spectral and multi temporal classification of Landsat images with spatial resolution of 30 m. The satellite images were acquired to represent major refugee scenarios. The Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) of 1990 represented pre-refugee settlement epoch and Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) of 2000 represented in-refugee settlement period. The Landsat 5 TM of 2009 marked early period of post-refugee repatriation and Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) of 2014 represented post-refugee repatriation period. Using descriptive techniques, data were collected through household interviews, oral history, Focus Group Discussion, key informants and field observation. These techniques intended to provide adequate qualitative and quantitative information on the past and present ecological condition of refugee campsites. They also provided description on how natural resources users perceived and described the pattern of land use and cover changes over time. The result obtained from this study showed a tremendous decrease in woodland in FRCs from 1990 to 2014. Before refugees’ arrival in 1990, the woodland cover was at 74% and 71% for Nduta and Mtendeli respectively. But by 2009, which marked the end of refugees’ epoch in the camp, the woodland cover remained 43% for Nduta and 17.7% at Mtendeli. The status of woodland continued to decline to 22% at Nduta but increased to 31% for Mtendeli by 2014, the 5 years of post-refugees. Rating woodland covers according to the impact weight scale, both sites had low impact before refugee arrival and high impacts during and after refugee settlement. During the period of 2009-2014, the rate of change of woodland indicated an annual net loss of 2.38% at Nduta and net gain of 2.04% for Mtendeli. Given the constant trends, Nduta will lose all its woodland after 13 years but Mtendeli will have a complete recovery within the coming 3 decades. The process of recovery at Mtendeli was contributed by the natural regeneration occurred in the refugee abandoned agricultural fields. The perceived ecological impacts during pre and post-refugee period emerged with several negative impacts such as deforestation, land degradation, depleted water quality and quantity, depleted wildlife at their vicinity, fuelwood scarcity; reduced wild foods and depleted indigenous trees. Drivers of the impacts were several including compliance and non-compliance of refugee operation standards, refugee involvement in socio-economic activities, refugee emotional reactions, lack of environmental citizenship, high demand for wood resources and lack of communityled environmental management blue prints. Since both compliance and noncompliance of refugee operational standards resulted into ecological impacts, it is argued that refugee influx had inevitable negative feedback on local natural environment. Different perceptions on the impact attributions existed among respondents. Refugee sighted (46%) as the major source of the ecological impacts during pre-refugee repatriation while 38% commended both refugee and locals. Few respondents (9%) mentioned only local community as source of impacts Nevertheless, all respondents agreed the currently environmental degradation in FRCs to be associated by the local community. Further data indicated that the rate of environmental degradation during post refugee was higher than during pre-refugee repatriation period suggesting poor sustainability of natural resources in the FRCs. The result from this study further indicated that little efforts have been put forward toward rehabilitation intervention in the FRCs. Response from the interview (88%) indicated that United Nations High Commissioner for the Refugees (UNHCR) and the Government of Tanzania failed to intervene in making informed rehabilitation decisions of the FRCs. The failures were associated with top-down decision in the alternative use of FRC after camps closure, poor community involvement in rehabilitation intervention, lack of property right and right of use of the FRCs and lack of rehabilitation blue prints. The rehabilitation intervention was also obstructed by poor coordination mechanism, lack of sustainable rehabilitation funding and poor political will. The data obtained from this study were used to develop a new Sustainable Ecological Rehabilitation Framework for the management for the landscape of FRCs. This framework propagates the recent ecological restoration approach that focuses on Landscape (LR) restoration rather than considering patchy ecosystems. The framework has the strength of being highly participatory, local community owned, cost effective and addresses community socio-economic interests.
Athari za fonolojia ya lugha ya kwanza katika mawasiliano ya wajifunzaji wa kiswahili sanifu kama lugha ya pili: uchunguzi kifani kihehe
(The University of Dodoma, 2023) Ngenzi, M.
Utafiti huu ulihusu athari za fonolojia ya lugha ya Kihehe katika mawasiliano ya wajifunzaji wa Kiswahili Sanifu kama lugha ya pili. Tatizo lililochochea utafiti huu ni upotoshwaji na uharibifu wa maana za maneno unaosababisha kutatizika kwa mawasiliano miongoni mwa wajifunzaji lugha ya Kiswahili Sanifu wa jamii ya Wahehe. Utafiti huu uliongozwa na malengo mahususi manne ambayo ni: kubainisha vipengele vya fonolojia ya Kihehe vinavyohawilishwa katika mawasiliano ya wajifunzaji wa Kiswahili Sanifu kama lugha ya pili; kuchambua athari za fonolojia ya Kihehe katika mawasiliano ya wajifunzaji wa Kiswahili Sanifu kama lugha ya pili; kufafanua sababu za utokeaji wa athari za fonolojia ya Kihehe katika mawasiliano ya wajifunzaji wa Kiswahili Sanifu kama lugha ya pili; na kuibua mbinu zinazoweza kutumika katika kuzikabili athari za fonolojia ya Kihehe katika mawasiliano ya wajifunzaji wa Kiswahili Sanifu kama lugha ya pili. Utafiti huu ulifanyika nchini Tanzania katika Mkoa wa Iringa, Wilaya ya Kilolo, katika Shule za msingi za Lyamko, Boma la Ng’ombe, Ng’ang’ange na Mdeke. Huu ulikuwa ni utafiti wa kitaamuli na mbinu zilizotumiwa kukusanya data ni usimulizi wa hadithi, usaili, jaribio na uchambuzi matini. Ulihusisha sampuli ya watafitiwa (32) kwa mgawanyiko ufuatao: Wanafunzi (24) na walimu (8). Matokeo ya utafiti huu yanaonesha kuwa wajifunzaji lugha wa jamii ya Wahehe huiathiri lugha ya Kiswahili Sanifu kifonolojia kupitia uhawilishaji wa fonimu za Kihehe, yaani irabu /á:/ /é:/ /í:/ /ó:/ na /ú:/ zenye toni, na konsonanti /s/ /f/ na /l/, pamoja na viarudhi. Viarudhi vya Kihehe vilivyobainika kuhawilishwa ni toni, wakaa na lafudhi. Uhawilishwaji wa vipengele hivyo umebainika kusababisha mabadiliko katika baadhi ya fonimu za Kiswahili Sanifu yanayoathiri mawasiliano kwa sababu ya upotoshwaji na uharibifu wa maana za maneno yake. Utafiti huu pia umebaini sababu anuwai za utokeaji wa athari za fonolojia ya Kihehe katika mawasiliano ya wajifunzaji wa Kiswahili Sanifu kama lugha ya pili. Baadhi ya sababu hizo ni athari za lugha ya kwanza, na tofauti za mfumo wa fonolojia baina ya Kiswahili Sanifu na Kihehe. Kutokana na matokeo haya, inapendekezwa kuwa mbinu mbalimbali zitumiwe ili kuzikabili athari za fonolojia ya Kihehe katika mawasiliano ya wajifunzaji wa Kiswahili Sanifu kama lugha ya pili. Baadhi ya mbinu hizo ni: kuwapo kwa vitabu na maandiko mbalimbali ya Kiswahili, kuwapo kwa uchangamani mpana wa jamii tofautitofauti na wajifunzaji lugha ya Kiswahili.
Civic engagement mechanisms for domestic water service delivery at Kondoa district council, Tanzania
(The University of Dodoma, 2021) Anselmi, Benedict
Worldwide, governance trends towards civic engagement to make pathways through which citizens’ participate in improving public service delivery, including water services. Albeit that Tanzania embraces civic engagement, access to water services remains a longstanding problem for the majority of rural communities in the country. This pointed for this research to investigate the relationship between civic engagement mechanisms and water service delivery in Kondoa District Council. Specifically, the study was centred on four broad themes, namely (i) the status of domestic water service delivery to households (ii) the extent to which civic engagement mechanisms are mainstreamed into water service decision-making processes (iii) the influence of civic engagement mechanisms on water service delivery and (iv) the moderating effects of collective action in the relationship between civic engagement mechanisms and water service delivery. Principal Agent and Collective Action theories were employed to inform how citizens were engaged in water service delivery. A mixed-method approach was used to generate data through survey of 376 households, 14 in-depth interviews, 4 focus group discussions, and field observations. The IBM SPSS and Nvivo software were employed respectively for data analyses. The finding indicated the majority of the population in Kondoa District Council received water lower than established standards in national water policy of year 2002 and the District is off track to meeting development vision 2025. The study also uncovered that the pathways for civic engagement in decisionmaking processes are moderately open but the citizens are less capable of influencing the pre-determined position of the public officials. Moreover, the results indicated that the citizens’ voice and accountability have the highest regression weight and are, thus, the best predictors of quality and physical access to water services. Further result indicated that collective action significantly moderated the influence of civic engagement mechanisms on water service delivery. The study concludes that the combinative effect of citizens‟ voice, accountability and collective action increases the chances of having access to water services at Kondoa District Council. The study recommends policy reforms that will embrace the formation of community selfdesigned institutions to instill a sense of collective action and ownership in management of water facilities.
Community participation and accountability in development management of water programs in local government authorities in Tanzania: a case study of Kilolo and Kongwa districts
(The University of Dodoma, 2018) Kavina, Alexander
This thesis sought to examine the dynamics of community participation and accountability in Tanzania and its effect on the development management of water programs in local government authorities in Tanzania with special focus on water programs in the two districts of Kilolo and Kongwa. The study is based on the premise that community participation and accountability in development are equally important as they enhances the quality and relevance of development processes and their outcomes and therefore, an important ingredient for achieving sustainable development of local government water programs. The study employed a mixed approach, comprising qualitative and quantitative research with the qualitative paradigm being dominant. The study was undertaken under phenomenological research design that sought to illuminate the specific, to identify phenomenon and collect deep information and perception of people on participation and accountability in the development management of water programs. The evidence obtained indicates that community participation in water program management offers meaningful and potential outcomes between community members and local governments in terms of improved management of water programs and water service delivery. The study also observed that the local government authorities attempted little to organize community participation and responsiveness to local needs, particularly in decision-making, thus making community participation limited on problem identification and implementation. Also the study observed that institutions for accountability are already in place, but their influence seems to have little effects on the development management of water programs. The study recommends more capacity building to help communities to participate in water governance, enhancing more partnership between the local governments and private sectors in water governance, promoting water harvesting technology by creating awareness and training to water stakeholders and more importantly, communities to include rain water harvesting in their development plans as one of the strategies for improving water sources at village levels. There are reasons to believe that given the opportunity to continue institutionalize local government over a long period, and as with the ongoing reforms in the local government gradually will bring about better results as far as community participation and accountability in water governance is concerned.
Contribution of social transfer interventions towards universal health coverage in Dodoma region, Tanzania
(The University of Dodoma, 2019) Mbaula, Walter
This study examined the effects of social transfer programmes in facilitating access and utilization of health care services and its implications in attaining universal health coverage in Dodoma Region, Tanzania. A cross-sectional survey of 402 household beneficiaries of social transfer programmes was carried out using interviewer administered questionnaire. In addition, 18 focus group discussions were carried out with community members and 12 in-depth interviews were held with programme officials and district councils’ officials. Chi-square and Fisher’s exact test were used to test significance of quantitative data. Logistic regression analysis was employed to assess the determinants of enrolment in Community Health Fund (CHF) and utilization of outpatient and inpatient health services. Qualitative data were thematically analyzed using content analysis. Results indicate that the process of identifying and selecting beneficiaries was affected by low community participation, inclusion of non-poor households, stigmatization of beneficiaries and duplication of efforts. Furthermore, there was a significant difference between type of social transfer benefits and household engagement in productive investments. There was no significant difference in housing improvement and accumulation of durable and non-durable assets between categories of social transfer beneficiaries. Cash transfer had a significant positive effect on the uptake of CHF while in-kind transfer had a significant negative effect on the uptake of CHF. There was significant and positive relation between cash transfer beneficiary households and utilization of outpatient services while participation in in-kind transfer programmes significantly increased the use of inpatient services. It was also revealed that being a member of CHF was significant negatively associated with the use of outpatient care services while it had no significant effect on the use related to inpatient care. It is concluded that the supplyside failures lead to low uptake of CHF and less utilization of health services. More so, adequate investments in the health sector to ensure availability, accessibility, adequacy and acceptability of services are inevitable in order to increase CHF uptake and increase the use of services.
Dryland community resilience to climate change: A case of grapevine farmers in Chamwino district and Dodoma municipality
(The University of Dodoma, 2016) Mahenge, Felix
This study which aimed at assessing the resilience of dryland grapevine farmers to climate change was conducted in Chamwino District and Dodoma Municipality. The specific objectives were to identify the factors influencing grapevine production in the context of climate change, to assess the level of awareness of grapevine farmers on climate change, to assess the grapevine farmers‟ adaptation strategies and their adaptive capacity to climate change, and to develop the grapevine farmers‟ resilience framework to climate change. A cross-sectional research design encompassing both purposive and proportionate random sampling was adopted for this study. The study involved 248 grapevine farmers as primary grapevine stakeholders and 64 other secondary grapevine stakeholders. Primary data were collected through questionnaire survey, focus group discussions, key informant interviews and the research‟s observations, while secondary data were collected through documents review. Qualitative data collected from Focus Group Discussions and Key Informant interviews were analyzed through content analysis. Quantitative data collected through questionnaires were processed and analyzed by having the data edited, coded, summarized, and entered into the computer. The quantitative data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Descriptive statistics were used to obtain frequencies and percentages for the coded responses. The results were presented through tables, figures, and graphs. The findings showed that climate variables (minimum and maximum temperature, annual mean rainfall, and wind speed) in the study area had been fluctuating over the past 20 years. Many grapevine farmers were aware of climate change on grapevine production. Climate change affected grapevine production through outbreak of diseases and pests, drought, low rainfall, and grapevine fruit damage by birds. The grapevine farmers adopted different adaptation strategies to combat the impacts of climate change. These included the application of pesticides, the use of scaring methods to threaten birds, irrigation systems, timed pruning, application of manure and diversification to other farm or off-farm activities. The grapevine farmers‟ resilience framework to climate change was finally proposed with an intention to strengthen grapevine farmers to successfully adopt and apply the adaptation strategies. It has been recommended that the government and other grapevine stakeholders should extend their efforts more to help the grapevine farmers to improve and apply the existing climate change adaptation strategies. They should especially help grapevine farmers to access different opportunities, climate information sources, land and security of tenure, water sources, financial resources, agricultural inputs, agricultural extension services and improved transport and irrigation infrastructure. The government, particularly the local government authorities (Chamwino District and Dodoma Municipality), should also sensitize grapevine farmers to establish and strengthen the farmer based organizations. The central government and other grapevine stakeholders should further help in improving the coordination between crop research centers, extension, and farmers. It is further recommended that the proposed resilience framework with its key steps (farmer based organizations, asset base, institutional coordination, and informed decision-making) which is specific to semi-arid areas be tested.
Effect of household settlement type on the prevalence of childhood diarrhoea and associated risk factors in Mwanza city, Tanzania
(The University of Dodoma, 2018) Kabhele, Silas Richard
Despite diarrhoea being the second leading cause of illness and deaths in children under five years of age globally, the relationship between settlement types (unplanned and planned) and caregivers' behavioural risk factors as well as the environmental risk factors for diarrhoea is not clearly known. The overall objective of this study was to determine the effect of type of household settlement on prevalence of childhood diarrhoea and associated risk factors in Mwanza City, Tanzania. A population based analytical cross sectional study, involving 480 children between 6 to 59 months of age was conducted from June to August, 2016. A structured questionnaire was used to determine the prevalence of diarrhoea in children, factors associated with childhood diarrhoea, association between settlement types and; prevalence of diarrhoea, caregivers’ behavioural risk factors, and the environmental risk factors for childhood diarrhoea. A binary logistic regression analysis was employed to test the risk factors for childhood diarrhoea. The overall reported prevalence of diarrhoea was about 20.4%. The regression analysis showed that the type of settlement did not have significant statistical association with neither caregivers‟ risk behaviour nor environmental risk factors for diarrhoea in children. Caregivers’ risk behaviours significant statistical associated with low risk of childhood diarrhoea included behaviour of washing hands; before preparing food, with soap and water after changing child’s napkins, of children with soap and water after toilet and before taking food. Environmental risk factors which include living in unplanned settlement, use of pit latrine and using faecal contaminated water were significantly statistically associated with higher prevalence of diarrhoea. It was recommended that health education programmes are needed in order to address identified behavioural and environmental risk factors. It was also recommended that further research should focus on determination of caregivers‟ knowledge on care of domestic water at household level in Mwanza City.
Entrepreneurial networks and performance of small and medium enterprises in Tanzania: The role of entrepreneur’s social competence
(The University of Dodoma, 2016) John, Elia
The purpose of the study was to examine the influence of Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) owner-manager‘s social competence on networks formation. Similarly, the study examined the interrelationship of three constructs namely: entrepreneurial networks, social competence, and business performance. Specifically, it investigated how entrepreneur‘s social competence made up of social perception, social adaptability, social expressiveness, impression management, and persuasiveness influences the types of networks formed by owner-managers and how in turn the relationship between these networks and SME performance is influenced by social competence. The study was undertaken in the two cities of Dar es Salaam and Mwanza. This research adopted a cross-sectional study design where by data were collected from manufacturing SMEs in Tanzania in four types of sub-sectors viz food processing, woodwork, ironwork, and textile. 250 owner-managers were selected through stratified random sampling procedure and interviewed. The collected data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21. Three major statistical analyses were performed viz factor analysis, multiple linear regression model, and Poisson regression model. Factor analysis was adopted in order to reduce social competence items into factors that are easily manageable in subsequent analyses. Poisson regression model was used to test the influence of social competence on networks formation. Regression analysis was done to test the direct relationship between social competence and SME performance as well as the interrelationship between networks, social competence and SME performance. The findings of the study show that the types of networks formed by SMEs vary and are associated with some of the demographic characteristics of entrepreneurs and enterprises. Furthermore, the study findings identify and indicate that a majority of social competence dimensions have a significant influence on networks formation and SME performance. Similarly, the findings show that many of the social competence attributes have a significant effect on the relationship between networks and SME performance. These findings suggest that: first, social competence is influential in determining the type of entrepreneurial networks among SMEs as well as SME performance; second, social competence dimensions have a significant relationship with SME performance; and third, social competence has an influence on the relationship between entrepreneurial networks and SME performance. In view of that, this study offers a lesson that the formation of useful networks depends on the entrepreneur‘s ability to effectively interact with others. This implies that a firms‘ emphasis on social competence attributes may enhance the effectiveness of networks on SME performance. Thus, in order to improve SME performance, capacity building to entrepreneurs on appropriate knowledge and skills on networking and social competence is crucial and should be part and parcel of the entrepreneurship strategy and policy.
Gender relations in the discourse of Sukuma songs
(The University of Dodoma, 2017) Masele, Esther Julius
This study examined gender relations in the discourse of Sukuma songs in Kishapu district, in Shinyanga region. The study had three specific objectives: to examine Sukuma cultural lives with regard to gender relations in the discourse of Sukuma songs; to examine the aspects of gender inequalities in the discourse of Sukuma songs; and to assess the power of discourse of Sukuma songs in enhancing sensitization on gender equality and in bolstering gender inequality. The study adopted an ethnographic research design. Purposive and snowballing sampling procedures were used to get a total of 26 singers; 11 key informants; and 30 participants for focused group discussions. The study used primary and secondary sources of data, which were collected through interviews, direct observation, focused group discussions and document analysis. An eclectic procedure, which combined Thematic Coding Approach (TCA) and Discourse Analysis (DA) based on Poststructuralist and Third World feminist theories were used to analyse the data. The study found that the life of the Sukuma people is controlled by unfair gendered roles in such aspects as leadership and authority, social organization, and the institutions of marriage. Besides, patriarchal ideology was found manifested in male chauvinistic tendencies exercised over the less privileged groups, such as women and children, who had no power to influence changes, to inherit and/or own family properties and take responsibilities in family care and management, in relation to men. Moreover, it was found that these songs played a great role in bolstering gender inequality, which in one way, led to gender sensitivity among the people. On the other hand, these songs, in some ways, were found to encourage loss of courage and confidence causing despair among the women, leading to their passive acceptance of the low status in the Sukuma society. Finally, based on the findings, it is recommended that, in order to solve the problems that encourage gender inequality among the Sukuma people, the organizations and institutions which deal with gender issues should extend their emancipative services, particularly, to the villages where women suffer from the consequences of inequality resulting from inherited cultural practices.
The impact of climate change to smallholder farmers and adaptation strategies: The case of traditional irrigation farming systems in west Usambara highlands
(The University of Dodoma, 2017) Maro, Fredy Lister
This study aimed at assessing the impact of climate change on traditional irrigation farming systems and adaptation strategies was conducted in Lushoto District. The specific objectives were to establish the trend and magnitude of climate change in the study area for the past 30 years (1985-2014), to assess the impact of climate change on crop yield in Ndiwa and Chamazi traditional irrigation farming systems, to analyse the way traditional irrigation farmers adapt to climate change and to develop decision guide for adaptation to climate change in traditional irrigation farming systems. A cross-sectional explanatory research design encompassing both purposive and systematic random sampling was adopted for this study. The study sample comprised of 380 households, 48 members of Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and 15 key informants. Primary data from household heads and key informants were collected through a questionnaire survey, FGDs, interviews and the researcher‘s observations while secondary data were collected through documents reviews including annual reports from District Agriculture Irrigation and Cooperative Offices and weather reports of the study area for the past 30 years from Tanzania Meteorological Agency (TMA). Descriptive statistics such as mean, frequency and percentages were computed to establish the trends and magnitude of climate change using SPSS and MS-Excel programs. Cross-tabulation between rainfall and crop yield trends was used to establish the impact of climate change on crop yields. Descriptive statistics such as mean, frequency, percentages and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) analysis were performed to identify the most feasible adaptation strategies and adaptive capacity of farmers. Decision guide for adaptation to climate in traditional irrigation farming systems was developed in order to integrate the challenges of climate change and those related to the adaptive capacity to enhance adaptation actions. The results show that for the past 30 years (1985-2014) climate variables such as annual mean (minimum and maximum) temperature and annual mean rainfall have been increasing and decreasing respectively in fluctuating patterns. For the past 30 years, annual mean (minimum and maximum temperature) have increased by 0.83Oc and 2.4oC respectively and annual mean rainfall has decreased by 803mm. Climate change has affected crop yield in Ndiwa and Chamazi traditional irrigation systems through decrease amount of water for irrigation, an outbreak of crop diseases, pests and insects. Farmers engaged in Ndiwa and Chamazi irrigation systems adopted different adaptation strategies to combat the impact of climate change. These include cultivating near water sources, crop diversification, digging of shallow wells and application of pesticides. However, the adaptive capacity to climate change for Ndiwa farmers was 41.6% indicating moderate adaptive capacity while that of Chamazi farmers was 23.6% indicating low adaptive capacity. The decision guide for adaptation to climate change for traditional irrigation farming systems was finally proposed with the intention of facilitating Ndiwa and Chamazi farmers to select appropriate adaption actions to the impact of climate change. It has been recommended that the government and other stakeholders should extend their efforts more to help the farmers engaged in Ndiwa and Chamazi irrigation systems to improve their adaptative capacity to climate change. They should especially help farmers to access the following; climate information, land and security of tenure, water sources, and financial resources, agricultural inputs, agricultural extension services and improved transport and irrigation infrastructures. The government, particularly the local government authority of Lushoto, should also sensitize farmers to establish and strengthen the farmer-based organizations. The central government and other stakeholders should further help in improving irrigation farming and the coordination between crop research centres, extension and farmers.
Improving vocabulary and reading comprehension in English learning in Tanzania using English language supportive material (ELSM)
(The University of Dodoma, 2020) Ndabakurane, Jesse Julius
The study aimed to design and develop English Language Supportive Material (ELSM) to improve students’ vocabulary and reading comprehension proficiencies. It therefore addressed the problem of low level of proficiency in vocabulary and reading comprehension among students in secondary schools in Tanzania. This study was conducted in Kagera Region and involved Community Secondary Schools. It was conducted in 11 schools and recruited 414 Form II students and 11 English teachers during preliminary investigation. Similarly, it was conducted in 4 schools and involved 144 Form II students and 4 English teachers who were purposively and randomly selected during the implementation and evaluation of ELSM. Design Based Research (DBR) approach was adopted in developing ELSM. Five topics were designed and prototyped in two successive iterations. The study used qualitative and quantitative methods in generating data. The data were collected using self administered questionnaire, interview, Focus Group Discussion, attitude test, achievement tests, and classroom observation. The findings revealed that using Kiswahili in teaching and learning English was realistic. Most students were capable of learning and using more English vocabulary in interaction. They were also capable of comprehending texts with the presence of English-Kiswahili translations. Paired sample-t test of comparing pre-test and post-test mean scores of students who sat for both pre-test and post-test for reading comprehension proved significant increase in mean score for four schools (t-value=15.28, p<0.0001). Based on the study findings, it can be concluded that ELSM has significant potential in improving the students’ vocabulary and reading comprehension proficiencies. Towards curriculum reform in recognition of the role of students’ familiar language as a facilitator or resource, the findings of the current study reveal that Kiswahili is useful in English teaching and learning in Tanzania. The study recommends that the government, through the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, should review the current curriculum to accommodate Kiswahili as a resource in teaching and learning English.
Influence of human resource practices on human resource performance in decentralized health service delivery in Shinyanga region, Tanzania
(The University of Dodoma, 2019) Kisumbe, Lazaro Alman
Globally it has been established that human resource (HR) practices are associated with human resource (HR) performance. The application of the HR practices appears to be effective when applied in the decentralized context where employees‟ accountability is effectively enhanced. It is in the same perspective that during the 1990s Tanzania adopted decentralization by devolution in which the HR practices are applied at a facility level to enhance the HR performance. Nevertheless, little is known regarding its influence on the performance in the country. The empirical studies from other countries reported mixed results ranging from significant to adverse influence of the practices on HR performance. Likewise, there is scant of literature regarding the mediated effects of job satisfaction between HR practices and HR performance. In this perspective, the study focused on examining the influence of HR practices on HR performance in the decentralized public services in Shinyanga region. Specifically, it examined the contribution of the HR practices on HR performance; the influence of HR practices on job satisfaction and direct and mediated effects of job satisfaction on HR performance in the decentralized public health services in the region. An explanatory cross-sectional survey design with mixed approach was used in this study. A survey tool was used to collect data from 287 respondents complimented by the qualitative data. It was revealed that HR practices have some influence on job satisfaction and HR performance. Likewise, job satisfaction established some direct and mediate effects on HR performance. However, among the HR practices, only HRP revealed significant odds of having improved performance. Similarly, only HRP and supervision revealed significant likelihood of being satisfied. Nevertheless, the ineffective employees‟ participation in HRP and failure of the CHMT to provide support impeded the effectiveness of these practices. The other HR practices revealed insignificant odds of having high performance and being satisfied. This is associated with the ineffective application of the practices. Thus, to improve HR performance, the following recommendations were raised: establishment of functional guidelines for employees‟ participation in HRP and relaxing the requirements to abide to the manning levels; filling CHMT posts with experienced HRH to provide support and effective application of the HR practice to enhance job satisfaction for improving its direct and mediated effects on human resource performance
The influence of innovations intervention on beekeepers’ livelihoods in Sikonge district of Tabora region in central Tanzania
(The University of Dodoma, 2018) Kashumba, Faustine Mulokozi
The overall objective of this study was to examine the influence of innovations on beekeeper's livelihoods in Sikonge District in Tabora region. The specific objectives of the study were: (1) to characterize beekeeping innovations typologies in the district, (2) to examine beekeeping innovations processes and their associated adoption rates, and (3) to analyze the possible influence of innovations on beekeeper's livelihoods. A cross-sectional research survey, coupled with mixed research techniques, was used as parts of research methodology. Interviews, in-depth interviews, focus group discussions (FGDs), observations and documentary review were adopted as data collection techniques while content analysis and ANOVA were adopted in data analysis. The results revealed variable beekeeping innovations typologies, ranging from the introduction of modern hives (16%), enhanced protective gears (33%), and establishment of honey collection centres (66.1%). Other innovations typologies were adoption of joint marketing ventures through beekeeping social networks (49.4%) and contract beekeeping (50%). Beekeeping diffusion processes included information dissemination (10.6%), capacity strengthening (99.4%), introduction of sound beekeeping extension approaches (28.4%), promotion of service providers, establishment of social networks and infrastructural development (36.8%). It was found that beekeeping innovations were characterized by a relatively high propensity to resist adoption of intervening innovation including movable frames and top-bar hives (78.9%), protective gears (68.3%), honey collection and storage facilities (72%),and (92.2%) respectively on contract beekeeping, indication a low innovation adoption rate. The study concluded that the factors influencing a low adoption rate of beekeeping innovations included inefficiency in institutional arrangements as reflected v by ineffectiveness of the quantity and quality of both human and physical resources to coordinate diffusion processes, inability of the majority of beekeepers (83.7%) to adopt innovations that demanded financial capital. Nevertheless, the ANOVA statistical analysis indicates that none of the intervened innovations had positive correlation coefficient on the beekeeper's livelihoods except access to natural capital including bee resources (gazetted national forests, beekeeping and game reserves) as one of livelihood assets for beekeeping activities. It was thus concluded that beekeeping is still potential for sustainable livelihoods although it needs effective and user-friendly innovation intervention to realise its potentiality. However, to improve the potentiality of the beekeeping sector, the study puts forward policy recommendations which include creating effective linkages between policy objectives and their implementation to promote beekeeping social networks, creating effective institutional arrangements on public-private partnership with clear targets and concerted efforts among beekeeping stakeholders at local level. Other policy recommendations include considering beekeeper's socio-economic and cultural factors as the centre of innovations diffusion, harmonizing related policy conflict of interests between natural resource conservation and promotion of modern beehives and investing on traditional beekeeping innovations through Research and Development (R&D).
Microfinance institution services and women’s socio-economic development in Dodoma municipality-Tanzania
(The University of Dodoma, 2018) Muyango, Danford Martin
This study was conducted in Dodoma Municipality-Tanzania, aiming at assessing Women’s socio-economic development in relation to their involvement in MFIs. The specific objectives were to examine those micro-credits services and savings attracting women in MFIs, to analyze the women’s activities derived from MFIs services, to assess the current and potential collateralization that make MFIs trust women and to assess the contextual factors influencing women’s socio-economic development. A cross-sectional research design encompassing both purposive and proportionate random sampling was adopted, About 402 respondents were involved. Both Qualitative and Quantitative data obtained and analyzed through SPSS and ANOVA. Findings from this study suggest that women’s socio-economic development will remain at stake despite of their repetitive borrowing in MFIs because there is great disparity between loan application purpose and utilization. The role of MFIs has remained questionable because there are contextual factors that are hardly addressed. These include political, legal framework, culture and lending approaches causing unsustainable purchasing power of women despite of MFIs intervention. Furthermore, MFIs are continuing to exhaust funds from poor to make them even poorer through high interest rates, short tenured small loans imbedded under group lending approach, which are used as survival strategy of MFIs. This study recommends the government through BOT to establish laws that compel MFIs to recognize potential collaterals that are affordable by women and intervene on operations of Non depository taking MFIs particularly control on interest rates.
Outsourcing and sustainable local government revenue collection in Tanzania: the case of Kilosa district council
(The University of Dodoma, 2021) Rashidi, Ntanwa
This study aimed at investigating factors for outsourcing and sustainable Local Government Revenue Collection (LGRC) in Tanzania. Specific interest was paid on sustenance and effectiveness of outsourced local government revenue. The study was carried out in Kilosa District Council (KDC), Morogoro region. The study employed a mixed-methods approach to address and analyze factors that had influenced the sustenance of outsourcing LGRC in KDC; the differences in terms of efficiency of revenue collection between outsourced and non-outsourced sources of revenue in KDC, and challenges facing outsourcing of local government revenue collection. The study also addressed the measures undertaken by KDC to deal with the challenges encountered, as well as the efficacy achieved from the measures adopted. Qualitative approaches enabled the study to solicit detailed information through the methods of data collection such as interviews, FGD’s and documentary reviews. Thematic analysis was employed to analyze qualitative data, while descriptive statistics like frequencies and percentages were computed using SPSS and MS-Excel to facilitate the presentation, description and discussion of data. A cross-sectional research design encompassing both purposive and simple random sampling techniques was applied for this study. The findings indicated that KDC had managed to sustain outsourcing of LGRC for all ten years covered by the study (2008-2018) as well as improve LGRC through outsourcing practice. The findings revealed that sustenance of outsourcing relied on a combination of factors such as performance of contracted agents, enabling conditions and effective measures devised by the council; roles played by ward committee and village council members as well as taxpayers. Two systems of outsourcing were reported to operate in KDC; the first system which ended in the 2016/2017 financial year used contracted firms to collect outsourced revenue; and the latter system which began in 2017/2018, used indigenous collecting agents who were working under the supervision of WEOs and VEOs on behalf of the council. Likewise, the findings showed that the measures that were devised by KDC in the new system of outsourcing were acknowledged and accepted not only by officials but also many taxpayers. The study recommends that such measures be adopted by other LGAs, particularly those which have already stopped outsourcing. The experiences from KDC may also be learnt and practised by local councils that have not yet employed the new system of outsourcing. In the effort to sustain and improve outsourcing, the Government and other stakeholders in local governance should establish stable policies and rules which govern outsourcing, and delegate more material and financial resources to lower levels where the WEOs and VEOs have been made the immediate supervisors of collecting agents in local councils that have adopted the new system of outsourcing such as KDC.
Parents’ disclosure of their HIV/AIDS status to their children and its effects on the children’s behaviour in Makete district, Tanzania
(The University of Dodoma, 2018) Isanzu, Naomi Henry
This study was conducted in Makete District Tanzania, with the aim of examining parents’ disclosure of their HIV/AIDS status to their children and its effects on children’s behaviour. This was a qualitative study which employed ethnographic research design using in-depth interview, focus group discussion, observation and documentary analysis as tools for data collection. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis and a total of 70 informants were included in the study using purposive and snowball sampling techniques. The findings of this study have revealed that factors which influence parents’ decision to disclose their HIV/AIDS status include children‘s maturity, education, children‘s suspicion, parents’ illnesses, parents’ need for treatment supporters, clearing children‘s misconceptions and the need to disclose children’s HIV/AIDS status. The findings have also shown that parents used their own approaches to disclose their HIV/AIDS status to their children as there were no specific guidelines to facilitate health care workers to advice PLWHA on approaches that should be used to disclose their HIV/AIDS status to their children. With regards to the contents, the study has found out that parents mentioned openly to their children that they were HIV positive. Contextwise, disclosure mainly took place in the home environment and in rare cases disclosure took place away from home. The timing was based on parents’ good health condition and when children were in good moods. The study did not find out any negative behavioural outcomes from children as a result of parents’ HIV/AIDS disclosure.
Pastoralists’ resilience and adaptation to the impact of climate change in semi-arid rangelands: A case of Longido district- Tanzania
(The University of Dodoma, 2016) Joseph, Laurent
Climate Change Impact has been a critical aspect of concern globally. This is because both ecosystems and socio-ecological system are greatly affected by climate change causing some (ecosystems and socio-ecological system) to disappear and die. However, how pastoralists have been resilient and adapting to climate change impacts has not been clearly known and established and also the adaptive climate change framework has not been given out. In this perspective, this study aimed at investigating on the pastoralists‟ resilience and adaptive strategies to the impacts of climate change in semi-arid rangelands in Longido district. The study used different approaches and methods for data collection: exploration of secondary information, observation, household survey, structured interview and focus group discussion as data collecting methods. The sample included 312 of respondents in this study. This study revealed out that climate change has diverse impacts on livestock domestication and on the livelihoods of the pastoralists in Longido district. It was revealed that climate change in the district is attributed by various aspects: - prolonged drought, disparity in temperature and erratic rainfall. The major climate change impacts upon the pastoralists included shortage of water, loss of pastures, eruption of livestock diseases, death of livestock, eruption of human diseases, loss of income just to mention a few. The study discovered that the pastoralists have resilience and innovative adaptation strategies against climate change impacts which includes migration with livestock for search of pasture and water, dam construction, supplementary food/feeds, savings, finding an alternative source of income, traditional climate forecast and formation of by-laws, adoption of drought resistant species of livestock, regulation of livestock reproduction and livelihood diversification to mention just a few for precision. It was revealed that, the pastoralists have acquired new traditional ways of determining climate variability that is the use of signs of domesticated livestock and that of Ngakwa techniques. Ngakwa is a star which is used by pastoralists to determine whether regimes in their areas. Additional to that, it was revealed that pastoralists have been using traditional trees to determine climate regimes; for example, the use of Eiti” tree flowering signs is used as an onset of rainfall indicator. For the roles of institutions and organizations in enhancing pastoralists‟ resilience and adaptation to the calamity of climate change included restocking, dam construction at least in every village, provision of education regarding livelihoods, provision of education on helping pastoralists‟ children, provision of employment to many pastoralists, capacity building, construction of water tanks, food provision and livelihood diversification. The study recommends that the establishment of integrated programs such bottom up policy formulation strategy, where all problems caused by climate change are discussed together and the solution, mitigation measures and coping mechanisms are identified in order to adapt to climate change impacts. For effective and sustainable livelihood, the local people should be fully involved in planning and making decisions on how to curb the climate change impacts on people‟s livelihood.
Pedagogical practices for nurturing the minds of the 21st century among non-formal secondary school learners in Tanzania
(The University of Dodoma, 2022) Michael, Tulia Deo Bamira
This study examined the pedagogical practices for nurturing the minds of the 21st century among non-formal secondary school learners in Tanzania. The study was guided by the Socio-cultural Theory. The study employed a qualitative approach and it adopted the phenomenology design. The study was carried out in Kinondoni Municipal Council in Dar-es-Salaam Region in four non-formal secondary education centers. A total number of 60 participants were involved in the study where 44 were learners, 8 teachers, 4 heads of the non-formal secondary education centers, one (1) Municipal Adult Education Officer, one (1) Municipal Secondary Education Officer, one (1) Municipal Executive Director and one (1) coordinator for non-formal secondary education from the Institute of Adult Education (IAE). Interviews, observations, focus group discussions and documentary reviews were the main methods for data collection. The findings indicate that pedagogical practices utilized by teachers were inadequate for nurturing the minds of the 21st century among non formal secondary school learners. The findings also indicate that the instructional strategies employed by teachers such as lectures, questions and answers, group discussions, oral presentations and problem-solving had a low contribution to nurture the minds of the 21st century among learners. It was again found that the teaching and learning materials employed by teachers had limited contribution to nurturing the minds required for the 21st century among learners such as summarized notes, pamphlets, past paper reviews, and instructional materials. It was further found that the formative and summative assessment techniques used by teachers to assess the learners were limited and could not help them to nurture the minds needed for the 21st century. These techniques were weekly, monthly and mid-term tests, terminal, annual, pre-and mock examinations and most of them were of the cognitive domain orientation. In addition, it was found that teachers tended to concentrate their attention on academic performance without ensuring that learners acquire the minds that can help them fit in the labor market economy place. The study concludes that for teachers to nurture the minds that are required by the learners of the 21st century in non-formal secondary education, they need pedagogical practices that encourage collaboration, interaction, and full participation of the learners in learning. For this to be a reality, teachers in non-formal secondary schools need training on interactive pedagogies that meet the requirements of the 21st century generation.

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